Anatomy

Muscles

The human body has more than 650 muscles, the total varying according to the authority, as some list as separate muscles what others regard as single muscles. Most of the muscles occur in pairs, reflecting the body's bilateral symmetry; five occur singly. In the lists that follow, muscles are grouped as to body area. Following those groupings is an alphabetical index of all of the muscles included, and the body area in which each may be found.

HEAD AND FACE

auricularis anterior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Draws pinna of ear forward and upward.
Superficial temporal fascia.
Helix of ear anteriorly.
Facial.

auricularis posterior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Draws pinna of ear backward.
Mastoid process.
Root of auricle.
Facial.

auricularis superior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs sū-pē′rē-or
Elevates pinna of ear.
Galea aponeurotica.
Upper portion of pinna of ear.
Facial.

buccinator
bŭk″sĭn-ā′tor
Compresses cheek, retracts angle of mouth.
Alveolar process of maxilla, pterygomandibular ligament, buccinator ridge of mandible.
Orbicularis oris.
Facial.

ciliaris
sĭl-ĭ-ā′rĭs
Alters shape of crystalline lens in accommodation.
(1) Meridional: Junctions of cornea and sclera. (2) Circular: Fibersforming a circle close to iris.
(1) External layers of choroid. (2) Ciliary process.
Short ciliary.

corrugator supercilii
kōr′ū-gā′tōr sū-pĕr-sĭl′ĭ-ī
Draws eyebrows down and in.
Inner end of superciliary arch.
Skin above orbital arch.
Facial.

depressor anguli oris
dē-prĕs′or ăng′ū-līō′rĭs
Depresses angle of mouth.
External oblique line of mandible.
Angle of mouth.
Facial.

depressor labii inferioris
dē-prĕs′or lā′bĭ-ī ĭn-fē″rĭ-ō′rĭs
Draws lower lip down.
External oblique line of the mandible.
Lower lip and orbicularis oris.
Facial.

depressor septi nasi
dē-prĕs′or sĕp′tĭ nā′sī
Draws outer wall of nostril downward.
Incisive fossa of superior maxillary bone.
Septum and ala of nose.
Facial.

dilator naris anterior
dĭl′ă-tor nā′rĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Dilates apertures of nostril.
Cartilage of ala of nose.
Border of ala.
Facial.

dilator naris posterior
dĭl′ă-tor nā′rĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Dilates apertures of nostril.
Nasal notch of superior maxilla and the sesamoid cartilages.
Integument of margin of nostril.
Facial.

frontalis
frŏn-tā′lĭs
Anterior portion of occipitofrontalis muscle, elevates skin of forehead and eyebrows.
Epicranial aponeurosis.
Skin of forehead and eyebrows.
Facial nerve (CN VII).

levator anguli oris
lē-vā′tor ăng′ū-līō′rĭs
Elevates angle of mouth.
Canine fossa of maxilla.
Angle of mouth and orbicularis oris.
Facial.

levator labii superioris
lē-vā′tor lā′bĭ-īsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs
Elevates and extends upper lip.
Lower margin of orbit, malar bone.
Upper lip.
Infraorbital branch of facial.

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
lē-vā′tor lā′bĭ-īsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs ā-lē′kwĕnā′sī
Elevates upper lip, dilates nostril.
Nasal process of maxilla.
Cartilage of ala of nose and upper lip.
Infraorbital branch of facial.

levator palpebrae superioris
lē-vā′tor păl′pē-brēsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs
Raises upper eyelid.
Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
Upper tarsal cartilage.
Oculomotor.

masseter
mă-sě′tĕr
Raises mandible.
Zygomatic arch and malar process of superior maxilla.
Angle of ramus and coronoid process of mandible.
Mandibular division of trigeminal.

mentalis
mĕn-tā′lĭs
Elevates and protrudes lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin.
Incisive fossa of mandible.
Integument of chin.
Facial.

nasalis
nā-sā′līs
Consists of transverse and alar parts.
Depresses cartilaginous part of nose and draws the alae medially.
Maxilla.
Bridge of nose.
Buccal branches of facial.

obliquus inferior oculi
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or ŏk′ū-lī
Rotates eyeball up and out.
Orbital plate of superior maxillary bone.
Sclerotic coat at right angles to insertion of rectus externus just below it.
Oculomotor.

obliquus superior oculi
ŏb-lī′kwŭs sū-pē′rĕ-or ŏk′ū-lī
Rotates eyeball down and out.
Above optic foramen.
By a tendon through trochlea to the sclerotic coat.
Trochlear.

occipitofrontalis
ŏk-sĭp′ĭ-tō-frŏn-tā′lĭs
Consists of (1) occipitalis and (2) frontalis bellies.
(1) Draws scalp back. (2) Draws scalp forward, raises eyebrows.
(1) Occipital and temporal bones. (2) Procerus, corrugator, and orbicularisoris muscles.
Galea aponeurotica.
Facial.

orbicularis oculi
or-bĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ŏk′ū-lī
Closes eyelid, wrinkles forehead vertically, compresses lacrimal sac.
(1) (Pars lacrimalis) Lacrimal bone. (2) (Parsorbitalis) Frontal processes of maxilla and frontal bone. (3) (Parspalpebralis) Inner canthus.
(1) Joins palpebral portion. (2) Encircles orbit to orbit. (3)Outer canthus.
Facial.

orbicularis oris
or-bĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ō′rĭs
Closes lips.
Nasal septum and canine fossa of mandible by accessory fibers.
Buccinator and adjacent muscles surrounding mouth.
Facial.

procerus
prō-sē′rŭs
Draws skin of forehead down.
Bridge of nose.
Skin over root of nose.
Facial.

pterygoideus lateralis
tĕr-ĭ-goyd′ē-ŭs lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Brings jaw forward, moves jaw from side to side, opens jaws.
(1) Outer plate of pterygoid process. (2) Great wing of sphenoid and infratemporal ridge.
Neck of condyle of mandible.
Lateral pterygoid from trigeminal nerve.

pterygoideus medialis
tĕr-ĭ-goyd′ē-ŭs mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Closes jaw by raising and advancing it.
Pterygoid fossa of sphenoid bone.
Inner surface of angle of mandible.
Medial pterygoid from trigeminal nerve.

rectus externus or lateralis
rĕk′tŭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭs,lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Rotates eyeball outward.
Margin of sphenoidal fissure and outer margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Abducent.

rectus inferior
rĕk′tŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates eyeball downward.
Lower margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.

rectus internus or medialis
rĕk′tŭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭs,mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Rotates eyeball inward.
Lower margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.

rectus superior
rĕk′tŭs sū-pē′rē-or
Rotates eyeball upward.
Upper margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.

risorius
rĭ-sō′rĭ-ŭs
Draws angle of mouth outward (“laughing muscle”).
Fascia over masseter muscle.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, buccal branch.

temporalis
tĕm-pō-rā′lĭs
Closes jaws.
Temporal fossa and temporal fascia.
Coronoid process of lower jaw.
Trigeminal, mandibular division.

zygomaticus major
zī-gō-măt′ĭ-kŭs mā′jor
Draws upper lip backward, upward, and outward.
Zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch.
Angle of mouth.
Facial.

zygomaticus minor
zī-gō-măt′ĭ-kŭs mī′nor
Draws the upper lip up and out.
Zygomatic bone behind the maxillary arch.
Angle of mouth, orbicularis oris.
Facial.

EAR

antitragicus
an-tī-tră′jĭ-kŭs
Anterior part of antitragus.
Opposite side at larger auricular fissure.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.

helicis major and minor
hĕl′ĭ-sĭs mā′jor, mī′nor
Tighten the skin of auditory canal.
Tuberosity on helix.
Rim of helix.
Auriculotemporal and posterior auricular.

obliquus auriculae
ŏb-lī′kwŭs aw-rĭk′ū-lē
Concha of the ear.
Fossa of antihelix.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.

stapedius
stă-pē′dĭ-ŭs
Depresses base of the stapes.
Interior of pyramid.
Neck of stapes.
Tympanic branch of facial.

tensor tympani
tĕn′sōr tĭm′păn-ī
Draws the membrana tympani tense.
Temporal tube, eustachian tube and canal.
Handle of malleus.
Branch of mandibular through otic ganglion.

tragicus
tră′jĭ-kŭs
Outer part of tragus.
Temporal branch of facial.

transversus auriculae
trăns-vĕr′sŭs aw-rĭk′ū-lē
Retracts helix.
Cranial surface of pinna.
Circumference of pinna.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.

NECK

constrictor pharyngis inferior
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Sides of cricoid and thyroid cartilage.
Posterior raphe of pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.

constrictor pharyngis medius
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭsmē′dē-ŭs
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Both cornua of hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament.
Middle of posterior pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.

constrictor pharyngis superior
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭssū-pē′rē-or
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Internal pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular ligament, jaw, side of tongue.
Posterior pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.

digastricus
dī-găs′trĭ-kŭs
Consists of (1) anterior and (2) posterior bellies.
(1) Draws hyoid bone forward. (2) Draws hyoid bone backward.
(1) Lower border of lower jaw. (2) Mastoid groove of temporal bone.
Intermediate tendon between both bellies.
(1) Mylohyoid. (2) Facial.

genioglossus
jē-nē″ō-glŏs′ŭs
Protrudes and retracts tongue, elevates hyoid.
Inner surface of symphysis of mandible.
Hyoid and bottom of tongue.
Hypoglossal.

geniohyoideus
jē-nē″ō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
suprahyoid muscle, pulls hyoid bone upward and anteriorly, shortens floor of mouth, widens pharynx.
inferior mental spine of mandible.
body of hyoid bone.
C1 nerve fibers via hypoglossal nerve.

glossopalatinus
glŏs″ō-păl-ă-tī′nŭs
Elevates back of tongue and constricts fauces.
Undersurface of soft palate.
Side of tongue.
Pharyngeal plexus.

hyoglossus
hī″ō-glŏs′ŭs
Depresses side of tongue and retracts tongue.
Cornua and body of hyoid.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.

levator veli palatini
lē-vā′tor vē′lī păl″ă-tī′nī
Elevates soft palate.
Petrous portion of temporal bone and cartilaginous eustacian tube.
Aponeurosis of soft palate.
Pharyngeal plexus.

linguae
lĭng-gwē
Elevates sides and center of tongue.
Undersurface of tongue.
Edge of tongue.
Hypoglossal.

longus capitis
lŏng′ŭs kăp′ĭ-tīs
Flexes head.
Transverse processes of 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Occipital bone, basilar process.
Branches of 1st to 3rd cervical nerves.

longus colli
lŏng′ŭs kōl′ī
Consists of three parts: (1) superior oblique, (2) inferior oblique,and (3) vertical.
Twists and bends neck forward.
(1) Transverse processes of 3rd to 5th cervical vertebrae. (2) Bodies of 1st to 3rd thoracic vertebrae. (3) Bodies of three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae.
(1) Anterior tubercle of atlas. (2) Transverse processes of 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae. (3) Bodies of 2nd to 4th cervical vertebrae.
Branches of 2nd to 7th cervical.

mylohyoideus
mī″lō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Elevates floor of mouth and hyoid, depresses jaw.
Mylohyoid line of mandible.
Body of hyoid and median raphe.
Mylohyoid.

omohyoideus
ō″mō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses hyoid.
Upper border of scapula.
Hyoid bone.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.

pars thyropharyngea musculi constrictoris pharyngis inferioris
părz thī″rō-fă-rĭn′jē-ămŭs′kū-lī kŏn-strĭk-tŏr′ĭsfă-rĭn′jĭs ĭn-fēr″ē-ŏr′ĭs

pharyngopalatinus
făr-ĭn″gō-păl-ă-tī′nŭs
Narrows fauces and shuts off nasopharynx.
Soft palate.
Thyroid cartilage and aponeurosis of the pharynx.
Pharyngeal plexus.

platysma
plă-tĭz′mă
Wrinkles skin of neck and chest, depresses jaw and lower lip.
Clavicle, acromion and fascia over deltoid, and pectoralis major.
Lower border of mandible, risorius, and opposite platysma.
Cervical branch of facial.

rectus capitis anterior
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭsăn-tē′rĭ-or
Turns and inclines the head.
Base of atlas.
Occipital bone, basilar process.
Between 1st and 2nd cervical.

rectus capitis lateralis
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭslăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Inclines head laterally and supports it.
Transverse process of atlas.
Jugular process of occipital bone.
Between 1st and 2nd cervical nerves.

salpingopharyngeus
săl-pĭn″gō-făr-ĭn′jē-ŭs
Elevates nasopharynx.
Eustachian tube close to nasopharynx.
Posterior portion of the pharyngopalatinus.
Pharyngeal plexus.

scalenus anterior
skā-lē′nŭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Elevates 1st rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Tubercle of 1st rib.
Cervical plexus.

scalenus medius
skā-lē′nŭs mē′dē-ŭs
Elevates 1st rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 2nd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
First rib.
Cervical plexus.

scalenus posterior
skā-lē′nŭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Elevates 2nd rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Second rib.
Cervical and brachial plexus.

sternocleidomastoideus
stĕr″nō-klī-dō-măs-toyd′ē-ŭs
Rotates and laterally flexes neck.
By two heads, from sternum and clavicle.
Mastoid process and outer part of superior curved line of occipital bone.
Spinal accessory.

sternohyoideus
stĕr″nō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses hyoid bone.
Manubrium sterni and 1st costal cartilage.
Body of hyoid bone.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.

sternothyroideus
stĕr″nō-thī-rě-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses thyroid cartilage.
Sternum and 1st costal cartilage.
Side of thyroid cartilage.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.

styloglossus
stī″lō-glŏs′ŭs
Retracts and elevates tongue.
Styloid process.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.

stylohyoideus
stī″lō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Elevates hyoid, drawing it up and back.
Styloid process.
Body of hyoid bone.
Facial.

stylopharyngeus
stī″lō-făr-ĭn′jē-ŭs
Elevates and dilates pharynx.
Styloid process.
Thyroid cartilage and side of pharynx.
Glossopharyngeal.

tensor veli palatini
tĕn′sōr vē′lī păl″ă-tī′nī
Stretches soft palate.
Spine of sphenoid, scaphoid fossa of internal pterygoid process and eustachian tube.
Posterior border of hard palate and aponeurosis of soft palate.
Otic ganglion, trigeminal nerve.

thyrohyoideus
thī-rō-hī-oyd′ě-ŭs
Depresses hyoid bone; elevates thyroid cartilage if hyoid bone is fixed.
Side of thyroid cartilage.
Cornu and body of hyoid bone.
Hypoglossal.

thyropharyngeus
thī-rō-fă-rĭn′jē-ŭs
Narrows inferior pharynx during swallowing.
Inferior cornu and oblique line of thyroid cartilage.
Median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx.
Laryngeal branches of vagus nerve (CN X).pars thyropharyngea musculi constrictorispharyngis inferioris.

uvulae
ū′vū-lē
Elevates the uvula.
Posterior nasal spine.
Forms large part of uvula.
Pharyngeal plexus.

LARYNX

aryepiglotticus
ăr″ē-ĕp″ĭ-glŏt′ĭk-ŭs
Closes glottic opening.
Arytenoid cartilage.
Epiglottis.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

arytenoideus
ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭs
Consists of (1) arytenoideus obliquus and (2) arytenoideus transversus.
Closes glottic opening.
Arytenoid cartilage.
(1) Aryepiglottic fold. (2) Crosses between the two cartilages of the obliquus portion.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

cricoarytenoideus lateralis
krī″kō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭslăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Narrows glottis.
Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage.
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

cricoarytenoideus posterior
krī″kō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭspŏs-tē′rē-or
Opens glottis.
Back of cricoid cartilage.
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

cricothyroideus
krī″kō-thī-royd′ē-ŭs
Tightens vocal cords.
Anterior surface of cricoid cartilage.
Thyroid cartilage.
Laryngeal, superior.

thyroarytenoideus
thī″rō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭs
Relaxes vocal cords.
Thyroid cartilage.
Arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

thyroepiglotticus
thī″rō-ĕp″ĭ-glŏt′ĭk-ŭs
Depresses epiglottis.
Thyroid cartilage.
Epiglottis and sacculus laryngis.
Laryngeal, recurrent.

vocalis
vō-kā′lĭs
Thin muscle fibers along the medial edge of the thyroarytenoid muscle, relaxes posterior vocal ligament, tenses anterior vocal ligament.
Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage.
Vocal ligament.
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X).

BACK

iliocostalis cervicis
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭssĕr′vī-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Angles of 3rd to 6th ribs.
Transverse processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Cervical plexus.

iliocostalis lumborum
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭslŭm-bō′rŭm
Extends lumbar spine.
With sacrospinalis.
In angles of 5th to 12th ribs.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.

iliocostalis thoracis
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭsthō-ră′sĭs
Keeps dorsal spine erect.
Angles of 12th to 7th ribs.
Sixth to 1st ribs and 7th cervical vertebra.
Branches of thoracic nerves.

interspinales
ĭn-tĕr-spī-nă′lēz
A series.
Supports and extends vertebral column.
Undersurface of spine of one vertebra.
Spine of vertebra above.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.

intertransversarii
ĭn-tĕr-trăns-vĕr-sā′rĭ-ī
Flexes vertebral column.
Between transverse processes of contiguous vertebrae.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.

latissimus dorsi
lă-tĭs′ĭ-mŭs dŏr′sī
Adducts, extends, and rotates arm.
Lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and tip of iliac crest.
Intertubercular groove of humerus.
Brachial plexus.

levator scapulae
lĕ-vā′tor skăp′ū-lĕ
Elevates posterior angle of scapula.
Transverse process of four upper cervical vertebrae.
Superior edge of scapula.
Dorsal scapular from 5th cervical and branches of 3rd and 4thcervical.

longissimus capitis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Keeps head erect, draws it backward or to one side.
Upper thoracic and lower and middle cervical vertebrae.
Mastoid process.
Cervical plexus.

longissimus cervicis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Upper thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs and upper lumbar and thoracic vertebrae.
Cervical plexus and upper thoracic nerves.

longissimus thoracis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs thō-ră′sĭs
Extends spinal column.
Transverse processes of lumbar and dorsal vertebrae.
Lowest ribs and lumbar and dorsal vertebrae.
Lumbar and thoracic nerves.

multifidus
mŭl-tīf′ĭ-dŭs
Rotates spinal column.
Sacrum, iliac spine, lumbar, cervical, and dorsal vertebrae.
Laminae and spinous processes of next four vertebrae above.
Thoracic and lumbar nerves.

obliquus capitis inferior
ŏb-lī′kwŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates head.
Spine of axis.
Transverse process of atlas.
Suboccipital.

obliquus capitis superior
ŏb-lī′kwŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭssū-pē′rē-or
Rotates head.
Transverse process of axis.
Occipital bone.
Suboccipital.

rectus capitis posterior major
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭspŏs-tē′rē-or mā′jor
Rotates and draws head backward.
Spine of axis.
Inferior curved line of occipital bone.
Suboccipital.

rectus capitis posterior minor
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭspŏs-tē′rē-or mī′nor
Rotates and draws head backward.
Posterior tubercle of atlas.
Inferior curved line of occipital bone.
Suboccipital.

rhomboideus major
rŏm-boy′dē-ŭs mā′jor
Retracts, elevates, and downwardly rotates scapula.
Spinous processes of 2nd to 5th thoracic vertebrae.
Vertebral border of scapula below spine.
Dorsal scapular from brachial plexus.

rhomboideus minor
rŏm-boy′dē-ŭs mī′nor
Retracts and elevates scapula.
Spinous processes of 7th cervical vertebra and 1st thoracic vertebra.
Border of scapula above spine.
Dorsal scapular from brachial plexus.

rotatores
rō-tā-tō′rēz
Extends and rotates the vertebral column.
Transverse processes of 2nd to 12th dorsal vertebrae.
Lamina of next vertebra above.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.

sacrospinalis
să″krō-spī-nā′lĭs
Extends vertebral column.
Sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest.
Iliocostalis and longissimus thoracis.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.

semispinalis capitis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭskăp′ĭ-tĭs
Rotates and draws head backward.
Transverse processes of upper six or seven thoracic and lower four cervical vertebrae.
Occipital bone, between inferior and superior curved line.
Branches of cervical nerves.

semispinalis cervicis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭssĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends the vertebral column and rotates it toward the opposite side.
Transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae.
Spines from axis to 5th cervical vertebra.
Branches of cervical nerves.

semispinalis thoracis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭsthō-ră′sĭs
Extends the vertebral column and rotates it toward the opposite side.
Transverse processes of 6th to 10th thoracic vertebrae.
Spines of upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae.
Branches of thoracic nerves.

serratus posterior inferior
sĕr-ā′tŭs pŏs-tē′rē-or ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Draws ribs back and downward.
Spines of lower two thoracic and upper two lumbar vertebrae.
Lower four ribs.
Branches of 9th to 12th thoracic nerves.

serratus posterior superior
sĕr-ā′tŭs pŏs-tē′rē-orsū-pē′rē-or
Elevates the ribs.
Spines of 7th cervical and two upper thoracic vertebrae.
Angles of 2nd to 5th ribs.
Branches of thoracic nerves.

spinalis capitis
spī-nā′lĭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Inconstant; from spines of upper dorsal and lower cervical vertebrae.
Blends with the semispinalis capitis.

spinalis cervicis
spī-nā′lĭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Spines of 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae.
Axis and, occasionally, the two vertebrae below.
Branches of cervical nerves.

spinalis thoracis
spī-nā′lĭs thō-ră′sĭs
Erects spinal column.
Spines of first two lumbar and last two thoracic vertebrae.
Spines of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.

splenius capitis
splē′nē-ŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Rotates and extends head.
Ligamentum nuchae, 7th cervical and first three thoracic vertebrae.
Mastoid process and superior curved line of occiput.
Branches of cervical nerves.

splenius cervicis
splē′nē-ŭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Rotates and flexes head and neck.
Spines of 3rd to 6th thoracic vertebrae.
Transverse processes of 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae.
Branches of cervical nerves.

suspensorius duodeni
sŭs-pĕn-sō′rē-ŭs doo″ō-dē′nē
Acts as a suspensory ligament. Wide, flat band of smooth muscle attached to the left crus of diaphragm and continuous with the muscular layer of the duodenum at its junction with the jejunum.
Celiac plexus.

trapezius
tră-pē′zē-ŭs
Extends head, raises and rotates scapula.
Superior curved line of occipital, spinous processes of 7th cervical and all thoracic vertebrae.
Clavicle, acromion, base of spine of scapula.
Spinal accessory and cervical plexus.

ABDOMEN

cremaster
krē-măs′tĕr
Raises testicle.
Midportion of inguinal ligament.
Cremasteric fascia and pubic bone.
Genitofemoral.

obliquus externus abdominis
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭsăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Contracts abdomen and viscera.
Lower eight ribs.
Iliac crest, Poupart's ligament, linea alba, pubic crest.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and branches of intercostal.

obliquus internus abdominis
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭsăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses viscera, flexes thorax forward.
Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia.
Few lowest ribs, linea alba, pubic crest.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and branches of intercostal.

pyramidalis
pĭ-răm″ĭ-dă′lĭs
Tightens linea alba.
Pubic crest.
Linea alba.
Branch of 12th thoracic.

quadratus lumborum
kwăd-rā′tŭs lŭm-bō′rŭm
Flexes trunk laterally and assists lumbar vertebral extension.
Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament, lower lumbar vertebrae.
Twelfth rib and the upper lumbar vertebrae.
Branches of 1st lumbar and 12th thoracic.

rectus abdominis
rĕk′tŭs ăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses or flattens abdomen.
Pubis.
Cartilage of 5th to 7th ribs.
Branches of 7th to 12th intercostal.

transversus abdominis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs ăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses abdomen, flexes thorax.
Lumbar fascia, 7th to 12th costal cartilages, inguinal ligament, iliaccrest.
Xiphoid cartilage, linea alba, pubic crest, and iliopectineal line.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, branches of intercostal.

PERINEUM

bulbospongiosus
bŭl″bō-spŏn″jē-ō′sŭs
Constricts bulbous urethra in male; constricts urethra in female.
Central point of perineum and medial raphe.
Undersurface of bulb, spongy and cavernous part of penis; rootof clitoris.
Perineal branch of pudendal.

coccygeus
kŏk-sĭj′ē-ŭs
Supports coccyx, closes pelvic outlet.
Ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament.
Coccyx and lowest portion of sacrum.
Third and 4th sacral.

corrugator cutis ani
kōr′ū-gā′tōr kū′tĭsā′nī
Wrinkles skin of anus.
Submucous tissue, interior of anus.
Subcutaneous tissue on opposite side of anus.
Sympathetic.

depressor urethrae
dē-prĕs′or ū-rē′thrē
Depresses urethra.
Ramus of ischium near the transversus perinei profundus.
Fibers of constrictor vaginae.

ischiocavernosus
ĭs″kē-ō-kă″vĕr-nō′sŭs
Maintains erection of penis or clitoris.
Tuberosity of ischium and great sacrosciatic ligament.
Corpora cavernosa of clitoris or penis.
Perineal branch of pudendal.

levator ani
lē-vā′tor ā′nī
Supports rectum and pelvic floor, aids in defecation.
Pubis, pelvic fascia, ischial spine.
Rectum, coccyx, and fibrous raphe of perineum.
Sacral and perineal.

sphincter ani externus
sfĭngk′tĕr ā′nī ĕks-tĕr′nŭs
Closes anus.
Ring of fibers surrounding anus.
Coccyx and central point of perineum.
Hemorrhoidal branch of pudendal.

sphincter ani internus
sfĭngk′tĕr ā′nī ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Contracts rectum and anus, but not voluntarily.
Muscular ring of rectal fibers above canal.

sphincter urethrae membranaceae
sfĭngk′tĕr ū-rē′thrēmĕm-bră-nā′sē-ē
Constricts membranous urethra.
Ramus of pubis.
Behind and in front of urethra.
Perineal branch of pudendal.

sphincter vesicae
sfĭngk′tĕr vĕs′ĭ-kē
Shuts off internal orifice of urethra.
Near urethral orifice of bladder.
Sacral and hypogastric.

transversus perinei profundus
trăns-vĕr′sŭs pĕr-ĭ-nē′īprō-fŭn′dŭs
Assists compressor urethrae.
Ramus of ischium.
Central tendon.
Perineal branch of pudendal.

transversus perinei superficialis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs pĕr-ĭ-nē′īsoo″pĕr-fĭsh-ē-ā′lĭs
Tenses central tendon.
Ramus of ischium.
Central point of perineum.
Perineal branch of pudendal.

THORAX

diaphragma
dī″ă-frăg′mă
Increases chest capacity and decreases pressure within the thoracic cavity.
Ensiform cartilage, 7th to 12th ribs, arcuate ligaments, and lumbar vertebrae.
Central tendon.
Phrenic.

intercostalis externus
ĭn″tĕr-kŏs-tă′lĭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭs
Draws ribs together and raises ribs.
Lower border of rib.
Upper border of rib below.
Intercostal.

intercostalis internus
ĭn″tĕr-kŏs-tă′lĭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Draws ribs together and lowers ribs.
Lower border of rib.
Upper border of rib below.
Intercostal.

levatores costarum
lē-vā-tō′rez kŏs-tā′rŭm
Raises ribs, flexes vertebral column.
Transverse process of 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae.
Rib next below.
Branches of intercostal.

subcostales
sŭb-kŏs-tā′lēz
Draws ribs together and lowers ribs.
Inconstant; inner surface of the ribs.
Inner surface of one of the ribs just below.
Intercostal.

transversus thoracis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs thō-ră′sĭs
Narrows the chest.
Xiphoid cartilage and sternum.
Costal cartilages, 2nd to 6th ribs.
Branches of intercostal.

SHOULDER

deltoideus
dĕl-toy′dē-ŭs
Raises and rotates arm.
Clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula.
Shaft of humerus.
Axillary (circumflex) from brachial plexus.

infraspinatus
ĭn″fră-spī-nā′tŭs
Rotates arm back and out.
Infraspinous fossa of scapula.
Great tuberosity of humerus.
Suprascapular from brachial plexus.

pectoralis major
pĕk″tō-ră′lĭs mā′jor
Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm.
Sternum, clavicle, and cartilages of 1st to 6th ribs.
Bicipital ridge of humerus.
Pectoral from brachial plexus.

pectoralis minor
pĕk″tō-ră′lĭs mī′nor
Draws down scapula and point to shoulder, raises ribs.
Third to 5th ribs.
Coracoid process of scapula.
Pectoral from brachial plexus.

serratus anterior
sĕr-ā′tŭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Elevates ribs, rotates scapula.
Upper eight or nine ribs.
Angles and vertebral border of scapula.
Long thoracic from brachial plexus.

subclavius
sŭb-klā′vē-ŭs
Draws clavicle down and forward or elevates the 1st rib.
First rib and cartilage.
Undersurface of clavicle.
Branches of 5th and 6th cervical.

subscapularis
sŭb-skăp-ū-lă′rĭs
Rotates humerus inward and lowers it.
Subscapular fossa.
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
Subscapular.

supraspinatus
soo″pră-spī-nā′tŭs
Abducts and raises arm.
Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
Greater tubercle of humerus.
Branches of suprascapular.

teres major
tĕ′rēz mā′jor
Inwardly rotates, adducts, and extends arm.
Axillary border of scapula.
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
Branch of lower subscapular.

teres minor
tĕ′rēz mī′nor
Rotates arm outward.
Axillary border of scapula.
Greater tubercle of humerus.
Branch of axillary (circumflex).

ARM AND FOREARM

anconeus
ăn-kō′nē-ŭs
Extends forearm.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Olecranon and posterior surface of ulna.
Branch of radial.

biceps brachii
bī′sĕps brā′kē-ī
Flexes arm and forearm and supinates forearm.
(1) Short head from coracoid process. (2) Long head from the supraglenoid tuberosity at the margin of the glenoid cavity.
Bicipital tuberosity of radius.
Musculocutaneous.

brachialis
brā″kē-ăl′ĭs
Flexes forearm.
Lower half of anterior surface of humerus.
Coronoid process of ulna.
Musculocutaneous and radial.

brachioradialis
brā″kē-ō-rā″dē-ă′lĭs
Flexes and supinates forearm.
Supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Styloid process of radius.
Branch of radial.supinator longus

coracobrachialis
kor″ă-kō-brā″kē-ăl′ĭs
Raises and adducts arm.
Coracoid process of scapula.
Middle of inner border of humerus.
Musculocutaneous.

extensor carpi radialis brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Extends and abducts wrist.
External condyloid ridge of humerus.
Base of 3rd metacarpal.
Branch of radial.

extensor carpi radialis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends and abducts wrist.
External condyloid ridge of humerus.
Base of 2nd metacarpal.
Branch of radial.

extensor carpi ulnaris
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī ŭl-nā′rĭs
Extends and adducts hand and wrist.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Base of 5th metacarpal.
Branch of radial.

extensor digiti minimi
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj′ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭm-ī
Extends little finger.
External epicondyle of humerus.
Dorsum of 1st phalanx of little finger.
Branch of radial.

extensor digitorum communis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmkŏm-mū′nĭs
Extends fingers and wrist.
External epicondyle of humerus.
Second and 3rd phalanges.
Branch of radial.

extensor indicis proprius
ĕks-tĕn′sōr ĭn′dĭ-sĭsprō′prē-ŭs
Extends index finger.
Dorsal surface of ulna and interosseous membrane.
First tendon of extensor digitorum communis.
Branch of radial.

extensor pollicis brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Extends thumb and abducts 1st metacarpal.
Dorsal surface of radius.
Base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of radial.

extensor pollicis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends terminal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand.
Dorsal surface of ulna.
Base of 2nd phalanx of thumb.
Branch of radial.

flexor carpi radialis
flĕks′or kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭs
Flexes and abducts wrist.
Medial epicondyle of humerus.
Base of 2nd metacarpal.
Branch of median.

flexor carpi ulnaris
flĕks′or kar′pī ŭl-nā′rĭs
Consists of (1) humeral head and (2) ulnar head.
Flexes and adducts wrist.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Olecranon process and posterior border of ulna.
Pisiform bone and 5th metacarpal.
Branch of ulnar.

flexor digitorum profundus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmprō-fŭn′dŭs
Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
Upper three fourths of shaft of ulna.
Terminal phalanges of fingers.
Branch of ulnar and branch of median.

flexor digitorum sublimis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmsŭb-lī′mĭsflexor digitorum superficialis

flexor digitorum superficialis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmsoo″pĕr-fĭsh-ē-ā′lĭs
Consists of three heads: (1) humeral, (2) ulnar, and (3) radial.
Flexes the middle and proximal phalanges, carpal flexion of hand.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Medial side of coronoid process.(3) Outer border of radius.
Second phalanx of each finger.
Branches of median.flexor digitorum sublimis

flexor pollicis longus
flĕks′or pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Flexes thumb.
Anterior surface of middle third of radius.
Terminal phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median.

palmaris longus
păl-mār′ĭs lŏng′ŭs
Tightens palmar fascia, flexes wrist.
Medial epicondyle of humerus.
Transverse carpal ligament and palmar fascia.
Branch of median.

pronator quadratus
prō-nā′tor kwăd-rā′tŭs
Pronates forearm.
Lower fourth of ulna.
Lower fourth of radius.
Volar interosseous.

pronator teres
prō-nā′tor tĕ′rēz
Consists of (1) humeral head and (2) ulnar head.
Pronates hand.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Coronoid process of ulna.
Lateral surface of shaft of radius.
Branch of median.

supinator
soo″pĭ-nā′tor
Supinates forearm.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, oblique line of ulna, elbow joint.
Outer surface of radius.
Branch of radial.

supinator longus
soo″pĭ-nā′tor lŏng′ŭsbrachioradialis

triceps brachii
trī′sĕps brā′kē-ī
Consists of three heads: (1) long, (2) lateral, and (3) medial.
Extends forearm and arm.
(1) Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. (2) Posterior surface of humerusbelow great tubercle. (3) Humerus below radial groove.
Olecranon process of ulna.
Branches of radial.

HAND

abductor digiti minimi manus
ăb-dŭk′tŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī mă′nŭs
Abducts little finger.
Pisiform bone and ligaments.
Inner side of 1st phalanx of little finger.
Ulnar, palmar branch.

abductor pollicis brevis
ăb-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Abducts thumb.
Ridge of trapezius and transverse carpal ligament.
Outer side of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median.

abductor pollicis longus
ăb-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Abducts and assists in extending thumb.
Posterior surface of radius and ulna.
Outer side of base of 1st metacarpal.
Branch of radial.

adductor pollicis
ăd-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭs
Adducts thumb.
Third metacarpal bone.
Inner side of base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Ulnar.

extensor indicis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr ĭn′dĭ-sĭs
Extends 2nd digit, aids extension of hand.
Posterior surface of ulna and interosseus membrane.
Extensor expansion of 2nd digit.
Posterior interosseus branch of radial nerve (C7-C8).

flexor digiti minimi brevis manus
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī brĕ′vĭs mă′nŭs
Intrinsic hand muscle, flexes 5th digit.
Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
Medial edge of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.
Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

flexor digiti quinti brevis manus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tī kwĭn′tībrĕ′vĭs mă′nŭs
Flexes 1st phalanx of little finger.
Unciform bone.
First phalanx of little finger.
Branch of ulnar.

flexor pollicis brevis
flĕks′or pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Flexes 1st phalanx of thumb.
Transverse carpal ligament, metacarpal bone.
Base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median and ulnar.

interossei dorsales manus
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īdōr-sā′lēz mă′nŭs
Four.
Abducts and adducts fingers.
Sides of metacarpal bones.
First phalanges.
Branch of ulnar.

interossei volares
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īvō-lā′rēz
Three.
Adducts index finger, abducts ring and little fingers.
Metacarpal bones laterally.
Ulnar side of index finger, and radial sides of ring and little fingers.
Branch of ulnar.

lumbricales manus
lŭm-brĭ-kā′lēz mă′nŭs
Four.
Flexes 1st and extends 2nd and 3rd phalanges.
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus.
First phalanx and extensor tendon.
Median and ulnar.

opponens digiti minimi
ŏp-pō′nĕns dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī
Intrinsic hand muscle, pulls 5th metacarpal toward thumb to allow 5th digit to oppose thumb.
Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
Medial edge of 5th metacarpal.
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

opponens digiti quinti
ŏp-pō′nĕns dĭj-ĭ-tīkwĭn′tī
Flexes and adducts little finger.
Unciform bone, transverse carpal ligament.
Fifth metacarpal bone.
Branch of ulnar.

opponens pollicis
ŏp-pō′nĕns pŏl′ĭ-sĭs
Flexes and adducts thumb.
Trapezium and transverse carpal ligament.
First metacarpal bone.
Median.

palmaris brevis
păl-mā′rĭs brĕ′vĭs
Wrinkles skin on inner side of hand.
Central portion of palmar aponeurosis and transverse carpal ligament.
Skin of ulnar side of hand.
Branch of ulnar.

HIP AND THIGH

adductor brevis
ăd-dŭk′tor brĕ′vĭs
Flexes, adducts, and tends to rotate thigh medially.
Ramus of pubis.
Upper portion of linea aspera of femur.
Branch of obturator.

adductor longus
ăd-dŭk′tor lŏng′ŭs
Adducts, flexes, and tends to rotate thigh medially.
Pubic crest and symphysis.
Middle of linea aspera of femur.
Branch of obturator.

adductor magnus
ăd-dŭk′tor măg′nŭs
Adducts thigh and rotates it outward.
Ramus of ischium and pubis.
Linea aspera of femur and medial condyle.
Branch of sciatic and obturator.

articularis genus
ăr-tĭk″ū-lā′rĭsjē′nŭs
Elevates capsule of knee joint.
Lower quarter of anterior surface of femoral shaft.
Synovial membrane of knee joint.
Branch of femoral.

biceps femoris
bī′sĕps fĕm′ō-rĭs
Flexes knee and rotates it outward.
(1) Short head from linea aspera. (2) Long head from ischial tuberosity.
Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia.
(1) Peroneal and (2) tibial portions of sciatic.

gemellus inferior
jĕ-mĕl′ŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates thigh outward.
Ischial tuberosity.
Medial surface of greater trochanter.
Sacral.

gemellus superior
jĕ-mĕl′ŭs sū-pē′rē-or
Rotates thigh outward.
Spine of ischium.
Medial surface of greater trochanter.
Sacral plexus.

gluteus maximus
gloo′tē-ŭs măk′sē-mŭs
Extends and rotates thigh.
Superior curved iliac line and crest, coccyx, and sacrum.
Fascia lata and femur below greater trochanter.
Inferior gluteal.

gluteus medius
gloo′tē-ŭs mē′dē-ŭs
Abducts and rotates thigh.
Lateral surface of ilium.
Greater trochanter.
Branches of superior gluteal.

gluteus minimus
gloo′tē-ŭs mĭn′ĭ-mŭs
Abducts and extends thigh.
Lateral surface of ilium.
Greater trochanter.
Branch of superior gluteal.

gracilis
grăs′ĭ-lĭs
Flexes and adducts leg, adducts thigh.
Symphysis pubis and pubic arch.
Medial surface of shaft of tibia.
Branch of obturator.

iliacus
ĭ-lī′ă-kŭs
Flexes and rotates thigh.
Margin of iliac fossa.
Lesser trochanter.
Branches of femoral.

obturator internus
ŏb′tū-rā″tor ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Rotates thigh outward.
Pubes, ischium, obturator foramen.
Inner surface of greater trochanter.
Branch of obturator.

pectineus
pĕk-tĭn′ē-ŭs
Flexes and adducts thigh.
Pubic spine, iliopectineal line.
Pectineal line of femur.
Branch of obturator and femoral.

piriformis
pĭ-rĭ-for′mĭs
Abducts and rotates thigh outward.
Margins of anterior sacral foramina and sacrosciatic notch of ilium.
Upper margin of greater trochanter.
Branch of sacral.

psoas major
sō′ăs mā′jor
Flexes thigh, adducts and rotates it medially.
Last thoracic and all of the lumbar vertebrae.
Lesser trochanter of femur.
Lumbar plexus.

psoas minor
sō′ăs mī′nor
Tenses iliac fascia.
Twelfth thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae.
Iliac fascia and iliopectineal tuberosity.
Branch of lumbar.

quadratus femoris
kwăd-rā′tŭs fĕm′ō-rĭs
Rotates thigh outward.
Ischial tuberosity.
Intertrochanteric ridge.
Sciatic.

quadriceps femoris
kwăd′rĭ-sĕps fĕm′ō-rĭs
Extends leg.
By four heads: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.
Patella and tibial tuberosity.
Branches of femoral.

rectus femoris
rĕk′tŭs fĕm′ō-rĭs
Extends leg and assists flexion of thigh.
Iliac spine, upper margin of acetabulum.
Base of patella.
Femoral.

sartorius
săr-tō′rĕ-ŭs
Flexes and rotates thigh and leg.
Anterior superior iliac spine.
Tibial tuberosity.
Branches of femoral.

semimembranosus
sĕm″ē-mĕm″brăn-ō′sŭs
Flexes and rotates leg, extends thigh.
Ischial tuberosity.
Medial condyle of tibia.
Tibial portion of sciatic.

semitendinosus
sĕm″ē-tĕn″dĭn-ō′sŭs
Flexes and rotates leg, extends thigh.
Ischial tuberosity.
Shaft of tibia below internal tuberosity.
Tibial portion of sciatic.

tensor fasciae latae
tĕn′sōr făsh′ē-ēlā′tē
Flexes and rotates thigh.
Iliac crest, iliac spine, fascia lata.
Iliotibial band of fascia lata.
Branch of superior gluteal.

vastus intermedius
văs′tŭs ĭn″tĕr-mē′dē-ŭs
Upper part of anterior surface of shaft of femur.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.

vastus lateralis
văs′tŭs lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Extends knee.
Linea aspera to greater trochanter.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.

vastus medialis
văs′tŭs mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Extends leg, draws patella in.
Linea aspera of femur.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.

LEG

extensor digitorum longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmlŏng′ŭs
Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot.
External tuberosity of tibia; body of fibula.
Second and 3rd phalanges of toes.
Branches of peroneal.

extensor hallucis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr hăl-oo′sĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends great toe, flexes foot.
Front of fibula and interosseous membrane.
Terminal phalanx of great toe.
Branch of peroneal.

fibularis tertius
fĭb-ū-lăr′ĭs tĕr′shŭs
Dorsiflexes ankle, aids eversion of foot.
Lower anterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane.
Dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal.
Deep branch of fibular nerve (L5-S1).

flexor digitorum longus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmlŏng′ŭs
Flexes the toes.
Posterior surface of tibia.
Terminal phalanges of lesser toes.
Branch of tibial.

flexor hallucis longus
flĕks′or hăl-oo′sĭs lŏng′ŭs
Flexes phalanges, primarily the distal phalanges, and plantar flexes the foot.
Lower portion of shaft of fibula.
Distal phalanx of great toe.
Posterior tibial.

gastrocnemius
găs″trŏk-nē′mē-ŭs
Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee.
External and internal femoral condyles.
By tendo calcaneus into os calcis.
Branches of tibial.

peroneus brevis
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs brĕ′vĭs
Extends and abducts foot.
Midportion of shaft of fibula.
Base of 5th metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.

peroneus longus
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs lŏng′ŭs
Extends, abducts, and everts foot.
Upper fibula and external condyle of tibia.
By tendon to internal cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.

peroneus tertius
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs tĕr′shē-ŭs
Flexes foot.
Lower part of fibula.
Fifth metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.

plantaris
plăn-tăr′ĭs
Extends foot.
External supracondyloid ridge of femur.
Inner border of tendo calcaneus.
Branch of tibial.

popliteus
pŏp-lĭt′ē-ŭs
Flexes leg and rotates it inward.
External condyle of femur.
Posterior surface of tibia.
Branch of tibial.

soleus
sō′lē-ŭs
Plantar flexes foot.
Upper shaft of fibula, oblique line of tibia.
By tendo calcaneus to os calcis.
Tibial.

tibialis anterior
tĭb″ē-ā′lĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Dorsiflexes foot and increases the arch in the takeoff of walking.
Upper tibia, interosseus membrane, and intermuscular septum.
Internal cuneiform and 1st metatarsal.
Branch of peroneal.

tibialis posterior
tĭb″ē-ā′lĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Plantar flexes foot.
Shaft of fibula and tibia.
Tuberosity of scaphoid, 2nd to 4th metatarsal, internal cuneiform.
Branch of tibial.

FOOT

abductor digiti minimi pedis
ăb-dŭk′tor dĭj-ĭ-tīmīn′ĭ-mī pē′dĭs
Abducts little toe.
Outer tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar fascia, and intermuscular septum.
External side of 1st phalanx of little toe.
Lateral plantar.

abductor hallucis
ăb-dŭk′tor hăl-oo′sĭs
Abducts great toe.
Inner tuberosity of os calcis, plantar fascia.
Inner side, 1st phalanx of great toe.
Medial plantar.

adductor hallucis
ăd-dŭk′tor hăl-oo′sĭs
Adducts great toe.
Tarsal terminations of the three middle metatarsal bones.
Lateral side of base of 1st phalanx of great toe.
Branch of lateral plantar.

extensor digitorum brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmbrĕ′vĭs
Extends toes.
Dorsal surface of os calcis.
To 1st phalanx of great toe and the tendons of extensor digitorumlongus.
Branch of peroneal.

flexor accessorius
flĕks′or ăk-sĕ-sō′rē-ŭsquadratus plantae

flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī brĕ′vĭs pĕ′dĭs
Intrinsic foot muscle, flexes 5th digit.
Base of 5th metatarsal.
Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit of foot.
Lateral plantar branch of tibial nerve (S2-S3).

flexor digiti quinti brevis pedis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tī kwĭn′tībrĕ′vĭs pē′dĭs
Flexes the little toe.
Base of metatarsal of little toe and sheath of peroneus longus.
Outer side of base of 1st phalanx of little toe.
External plantar.

flexor digitorum brevis
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tōr′ŭmbrĕ′vĭs
Flexes toe.
Os calcis and plantar fascia.
Second phalanges of lesser toes.
Internal plantar.

flexor hallucis brevis
flĕks′ŏr hăl-oo′sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Intrinsic foot muscle, flexes 1st digit.
Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones.
Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
Medial plantar branch of tibial nerve (S2-S3).

flexor hallucis longus
flĕks′ŏr hăl-oo′sĭslŏng′ŭs
Flexes 1st digit of foot, aids plantar flexion of foot, supports medial arch of foot.
Lower posterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane.
Base of distal phalanx of 1st digit.
Tibial nerve (S2-S3).

interossei dorsales pedis
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īdōr-sā′lēz pē′dĭs
Four.
Adducts 2nd toe, abducts 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes.
Shafts of adjacent metatarsal bones.
First phalanges of lesser toes.
External plantar.

interossei plantares
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īplăn-tăr′ĭs
Three.
Adducts three outer toes.
Third, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones.
First phalanx of corresponding toe.
External plantar.

lumbricales pedis
lŭm-brĭ-kā′lēz pē′dĭs
Four.
Flexes the 1st and extends the 2nd and 3rd phalanges.
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
First phalanx and extensor tendon.
External and internal plantar.

quadratus plantae
kwăd-rā′tŭs plăn′tē
Assists flexion of toes.
Inferior surface of os calcis by two heads from outer and inner borders.
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Branch of lateral plantar.flexor accessorius

GENERAL

arrectores pilorum
ă″rĕk-tō′rĕz pĭl-ō′rŭm
Elevates hairs of skin.
Papillary layer of skin.
Hair follicles.
Sympathetic.

MUSCLES INDICATING BODY AREAS

Muscle Indicating its Body Area

Muscle	Body Area
abductor digiti minimi manus	hand
abductor digiti minimi pedis	foot
abductor hallucis	foot
abductor pollicis brevis	hand
abductor pollicis longus	hand
adductor brevis	hip and thigh
adductor hallucis	foot
adductor longus	hip and thigh
adductor magnus	hip and thigh
adductor pollicis	hand
anconeus	arm and forearm
antitragicus	ear
arrectores pilorum	general
articularis genus	hip and thigh
aryepiglotticus	larynx
arytenoideus	larynx
auricularis anterior	head and face
auricularis posterior	head and face
auricularis superior	head and face
biceps brachii	arm and forearm
biceps femoris	hip and thigh
brachialis	arm and forearm
brachioradialis	arm and forearm
buccinator	head and face
bulbospongiosus	perineum
ciliaris	head and face
coccygeus	perineum
constrictor pharyngis inferior	neck
constrictor pharyngis medius	neck
constrictor pharyngis superior	neck
coracobrachialis	arm and forearm
corrugator cutis ani	perineum
corrugator supercilii	head and face
cremaster	abdomen
cricoarytenoideus lateralis	larynx
cricoarytenoideus posterior	larynx
cricothyroideus	larynx
deltoid	shoulder
depressor anguli oris	head and face
depressor labii inferioris	head and face
depressor septi nasi	head and face
depressor urethrae	perineum
diaphragma	thorax
digastricus	neck
dilator naris anterior	head and face
dilator naris posterior	head and face
extensor carpi radialis brevis	arm and forearm
extensor carpi radialis longus	arm and forearm
extensor carpi ulnaris	arm and forearm
extensor digiti minimi	arm and forearm
extensor digitorum brevis	foot
extensor digitorum communis	arm and forearm
extensor digitorum longus	leg
extensor hallucis longus	leg
extensor indicis	hand
extensor indicis proprius	arm and forearm
extensor pollicis brevis	arm and forearm
extensor pollicis longus	arm and forearm
fibularis tertius	foot
flexor accessorius	foot
flexor carpi radialis	arm and forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris	arm and forearm
flexor digiti minimi brevis manus	hand
flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis	foot
flexor digiti quinti brevis manus	hand
flexor digitorum brevis	foot
flexor digitorum longus	leg
flexor digitorum profundus	arm and forearm
flexor digitorum sublimis	arm and forearm
flexor digitorum superficialis	arm and forearm
flexor hallucis brevis	foot
flexor hallucis longus	leg
flexor pollicis brevis	hand
flexor pollicis longus	arm and forearm
frontalis	face
gastrocnemius	leg
gemellus inferior	hip and thigh
gemellus superior	hip and thigh
genioglossus	neck
geniohyoideus	neck
glossopalatinus	neck
gluteus maximus	hip and thigh
gluteus medius	hip and thigh
gluteus minimus	hip and thigh
gracilis	hip and thigh
helicus major and minor	ear
hyoglossus	neck
iliacus	hip and thigh
iliocostalis cervicis	back
iliocostalis lumborum	back
iliocostalis thoracis	back
infraspinatus	shoulder
intercostalis externus	thorax
intercostalis internus	thorax
interossei dorsales manus	hand
interossei dorsales pedis	foot
interossei plantares	foot
interossei volares	hand
interspinales	back
intertransversarii	back
ischiocavernosus	perineum
latissimus dorsi	back
levator anguli oris	head and face
levator ani	perineum
levator labii superioris	head and face
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi	head and face
levator palpebrae superioris	head and face
levator scapulae	back
levator veli palatini	neck
levatores costarum	thorax
linguae	neck
longissimus capitus	back
longissimus cervicis	back
longissimus thoracis	back
longus capitis	neck
lumbricales manus	hand
lumbricales pedis	foot
masseter	head and face
mentalis	head and face
multifidus	back
mylohyoideus	neck
nasalis	head and face
obliquus auriculae	ear
obliquus capitis inferior	back
obliquus capitis superior	back
obliquus externus abdominis	abdomen
obliquus inferior oculi	head and face
obliquus internus abdominis	abdomen
obliquus superior oculi	head and face
obturator internus	hip and thigh
occipitofrontalis	head and face
omohyoideus	neck
opponens digiti minimi	hand
opponens digiti quinti	hand
opponens pollicis	hand
orbicularis oculi	head and face
orbicularis oris	head and face
palmaris brevis	hand
palmaris longus	arm and forearm
pectineus	hip and thigh
pectoralis major	shoulder
pectoralis minor	shoulder
peroneus brevis	leg
peroneus longus	leg
peroneus tertius	leg
pharyngopalatinus	neck
piriformis	hip and thigh
plantaris	leg
platysma	neck
popliteus	leg
procerus	head and face
pronator quadratus	arm and forearm
pronator teres	arm and forearm
psoas major	hip and thigh
psoas minor	hip and thigh
pterygoideus lateralis	head and face
pterygoideus medialis	head and face
pyramidalis	abdomen
quadratus femoris	hip and thigh
quadratus lumborum	abdomen
quadratus plantae	foot
quadriceps femoris	hip and thigh
rectus abdominis	abdomen
rectus capitis anterior	neck
rectus capitis lateralis	neck
rectus capitis posterior major	back
rectus capitis posterior minor	back
rectus externus or lateralis	head and face
rectus femoris	hip and thigh
rectus inferior	head and face
rectus internus or medialis	head and face
rectus superior	head and face
rhomboideus major	back
rhomboideus minor	back
risorius	head and face
rotatores	back
sacrospinalis	back
salpingopharyngeus	neck
sartorius	hip and thigh
scalenus anterior	neck
scalenus medius	neck
scalenus posterior	neck
semimembranosus	hip and thigh
semispinalis capitis	back
semispinalis cervicis	back
semispinalis thoracis	back
semitendinosus	hip and thigh
serratus anterior	shoulder
serratus posterior inferior	back
serratus posterior superior	back
soleus	leg
sphincter ani externus	perineum
sphincter ani internus	perineum
sphincter urethrae membranaceae	perineum
sphincter vesicae	perineum
spinalis capitis	back
spinalis cervicis	back
spinalis thoracis	back
splenius capitis	back
splenius cervicis	back
stapedius	ear
sternocleidomastoideus	neck
sternothyroideus	neck
styloglossus	neck
stylohyoideus	neck
stylopharyngeus	neck
subclavius	shoulder
subcostales	thorax
subscapularis	shoulder
supinator	arm and forearm
suspensorius duodeni	back
supraspinatus	shoulder
temporalis	head and face
tensor fasciae latae	hip and thigh
tensor tympani	ear
tensor veli palatini	neck
teres major	shoulder
teres minor	shoulder
thyroarytenoideus	larynx
thyroepiglotticus	larynx
thyrohyoideus	neck
thyropharyngeus	pharynx
tibialis anterior	leg
tibialis posterior	leg
tragicus	ear
transversus abdominis	abdomen
transversus auriculae	ear
transversus perinei profundus	perineum
transversus perinei superficialis	perineum
transversus thoracis	thorax
trapezius	back
triceps brachii	arm and forearm
uvulae	neck
vastus intermedius	hip and thigh
vastus lateralis	hip and thigh
vastus medialis	hip and thigh
vocalis	larynx
zygomaticus major	head and face
zygomaticus minor	head and face

Principal Joints

A-C

Acromioclavicular
Atlas and axis
Atlas and occipital
Calcaneocuboid
Carpometacarpal

Gliding	Capsular; superior and inferior acromioclavicular; articular disk; coracoclavicular (trapezoid and conoid)
Pivot (trochoid)	Capsular; anterior and posterior atlantoaxial; transverse
Condyloid	Capsular; anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane; lateral; tectorial membrane; alar; apical odontoid
Gliding	Capsular; dorsal calcaneocuboid; bifurcated; long plantar; plantarcalcaneocuboid
Gliding	Dorsal; volar; interosseous

F-I

Femur and tibia
Hip bone and femur
Humerus and ulnaIntercarpal
Interphalangeal

Hinge (ginglymus)	Capsular; patellar; oblique and arcuate popliteal; tibial and fibularcollateral; anterior and posterior cruciate; medial and lateral menisci; transverse; coronary
Ball and socket (enarthrosis)	Capsular; iliofemoral; pubocapsular; ischiofemoral; round ligamentof femur; transverse acetabular
Hinge (ginglymus)	Capsular; ulnar and radial collateral
Carpal, proximal	Gliding	Dorsal; volar; interosseous	Carpal, distal	Gliding	Dorsal; volar; interosseous	Carpal bones, two rows with each other	Volar; dorsal; collateral
Hinge (ginglymus)	Collateral; volar in fingers and plantar in toes

M-R

Mandible and temporal
Metacarpophalangeal
Metatarsophalangeal
Pubic bones
Radioulnar, distal
Radioulnar, proximal
Ribs, heads of
Ribs, tubercles and necks of

Condyloid	Capsular; temporomandibular; sphenomandibular; articular disk; stylomandibular
Condyloid	Volar; collateral
Condyloid	Plantar; collateral
Symphysis	Superior and arcuate pubic; interpubic fibrocartilaginous layer
Pivot (trochoid)	Ulnar collateral; articular disk
Pivot (trochoid)	Annular
Gliding	Capsular; radiate; intra-articular
Gliding	Capsular; anterior and posterior costotransverse; neck of rib; tubercle of rib

Sacrococcygeal
Sacroiliac
Scapula and humerus
Sternoclavicular
Sternocostal

Symphysis	Anterior, posterior, and lateral sacrococcygeal; interposed fibrocartilaginous; interarticular
Gliding (slight)	Anterior and posterior sacroiliac; interosseous
Ball and socket (enarthrosis)	Capsular; coracohumeral; glenohumeral; transverse humeral; glenoidof humerus
Double gliding	Capsular; anterior and posterior sternoclavicular; inter- and costoclavicular; articular disk
Gliding	Capsular; radiate and intra-articular sternocostal; costoxiphoid

Talus and calcaneus
Talus and navicular
Tarsometatarsal
Tibia-fibula and talus (ankle)
Tibiofibular, proximal
Tibiofibular, distal

Gliding	Capsular; anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, and interosseous; talocalcaneal
Gliding	Capsular; dorsal talonavicular
Gliding	Dorsal; plantar; interosseous
Hinge (ginglymus)	Capsular; deltoid; anterior and posterior talofibular; calcaneofibular
Gliding	Capsular; anterior; posterior
Syndesmosis	Anterior and posterior tibiofibular; inferior transverse; interosseous

V-W

Vertebral arches
Vertebral bodies
Radius-ulna and carpals (wrist)

Gliding	Capsular; flaval; supraspinal; nuchal; interspinal; intertransverse
Symphysis	Anterior and posterior longitudinal; intervertebral fibrocartilaginous
Condyloid	Volar and dorsal radiocarpal; ulnar and radial collateral

Nerves

Abducent - Auriculotemporal

Pons
Lateral rectus muscle of eye
Medulla oblongata and spinal cord
Sternomastoid and trapezius muscles
Alveolar, inferior
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Teeth of lower jaw, mylohyoid muscle, and skin of chin
Alveolar, superior
Maxillary div. of trigeminal
Upper teeth and gums SEE: Vestibulocochlear

Auricular, great
Second and third cervical through cervical plexus
Side of neck; skin of ear and cheek
Auricular, posterior
Facial
Posterior auricular muscle
Auriculotemporal
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Side of scalp

Abducent 6th cranial n.	N. abducens	Motor
Accessory 11th cranial n.	N. accessorius	Motor
N. alveolaris inferior	Sensory and motor
Nn. alveolares superiores	Sensory
Auditory 8th cranial n.
N. auricularis magnus	Sensory
N. auricularis posterior	Motor
N. auriculotemporalis	Sensory

Buccal - Circumflex

Buccal
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Skin and mucous membrane of cheek
Second and third cervical through cervical plexus
Skin of front of neck
Chorda tympani
Facial
Sublingual and submaxillary glands; sense of taste
Ciliary, long
Nasal
Cornea, iris, and ciliary body
Ciliary, short
Ciliary ganglion
Cornea, iris, and ciliary body
Posterior cord of brachial plexus
Deltoid, teres minor, shoulder joint, and overlying skin

N. buccalis	Sensory
Cervical n., superficial Cutaneous cervical n.; transverse n. of neck	N. transversus colli	Sensory
	Motor and sensory
Nn. ciliares longi	Sensory and motor
Nn. ciliares breves	Sensory and motor
Circumflex Axillary	N. axillaris	Motor and sensory

Coccygeal - Cutaneous

Coccygeal
Spinal cord
Coccygeus muscle and skin over coccyx
Cochlear
Auditory
Cochlea
Cutaneous, lateral, of forearm
Musculocutaneous nerve
Side of forearm
Cutaneous, medial, of forearm
Brachial plexus
Front and medial forearm
Cutaneous, posterior, of forearm
Radial nerve
Back of forearm
Cutaneous, lateral inferior, of arm
Radial nerve
Lateral side of arm
Cutaneous, lateral superior, of arm
Axillary nerve
Back of arm
Cutaneous, medial, of arm
Brachial plexus
Middle and back of arm
Cutaneous, posterior, of arm
Radial nerve in axilla
Back of arm
Cutaneous, intermediate dorsal
Superficial peroneal nerve
Front of lower leg; dorsum of foot; toes

N. coccygeus	Motor and sensory
N. cochlearis	Sense of hearing
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis	General sensory
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis	General sensory
N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior	General sensory
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior	General sensory
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior	General sensory
N. cutaneus brachii medialis	General sensory
N. cutaneus brachii posterior	General sensory
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius	General sensory

Cutaneous, lateral - Facial

Cutaneous, lateral dorsal
Sural nerve
Lateral side of foot
Cutaneous, medial dorsal
Superficial peroneal nerve
Medial side of foot; big toe; second and third toes
Cutaneous, lateral femoral
Lumbar plexus
Lateral and front thigh
Cutaneous, posterior femoral
Sacral plexus
Buttocks; external genitals; back of thigh and calf
Cutaneous, lateral, of calf
Common fibular nerve
Lateral side of back of leg
Cutaneous, medial, of calf
Tibial nerve
Back of leg
Digastric
Facial
Stylohyoid and posterior belly of digastric muscle
Pons
Muscles of expression; sense of taste

N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis	General sensory
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis	General sensory
N. cutaneus femoralis lateralis	General sensory
N. cutaneus femoralis posterior	General sensory
N. cutaneus surae lateralis	General sensory
N. cutaneus surae medialis	General sensory
	Motor
Facial 7th cranial n.	N. facialis	Motor

Femoral - Gluteal

2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbar
Muscles and skin of thigh
Frontal
Ophthalmic div. of trigeminal
Skin of forehead
1st and 2nd lumbar
Cremaster muscle and skin of groin and upper part of thigh
Medulla oblongata
Muscles and mucous membrane of pharynx, fauces, and posteriorthird of tongue; sense of taste
Gluteal, inferior
5th lumbar and 1st and 2nd sacral
Gluteus maximus
Gluteal, superior
4th and 5th lumbar and 1st sacral
Gluteus medius and minimus, tensor fasciae femoris

Femoral Anterior crural n.	N. femoralis	Motor and sensory
N. frontalis	Sensory
Genitofemoral Genitocrural n.	N. genitofemoralis	Sensory and motor
Glossopharyngeal 9th cranial n.	N. glossopharyngeus	Motor and sensory
N. gluteus inferior	Motor
N. gluteus superior	Motor

Hypogastric - Infratrochlear

Hypogastric
Iliohypogastric
Muscles and skin of abdominal wall
Hypoglossal nucleus in medulla oblongata
Intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of tongue
Iliohypogastric
1st lumbar
Muscles and skin of hypogastrium
Ilioinguinal
1st lumbar
Muscles of abdominal wall, skin of upper thigh, skin of rootof penis and scrotum (in male), and skin of mons pubis and labium majus (infemale)
Infraorbital
Maxillary div. of trigeminal
Skin of cheek and all upper teeth except molars
Infratrochlear
Nasociliary
Skin of lower eyelid and root of nose, conjunctiva, and lacrimalsac and caruncle

N. hypogastricus	Motor and sensory
Hypoglossal 12th cranial n.	N. hypoglossus	Motor
N. iliohypogastricus	Sensory and motor
N. ilioinguinalis	Sensory and motor
N. infraorbitalis	Sensory
N. infratrochlearis	Sensory

Intercostal - Lingual

Intercostal
Thoracic
Muscles and skin of back, thorax, and upper abdomen
Intercostobrachial
2nd intercostal
Skin of axilla and medial side of arm
Median
Deep flexor and pronator muscles of forearm
Interosseous, posterior
Musculospiral (Radial)
Muscles and skin of back of forearm and wrist
Lacrimal
Ophthalmic div. of trigeminal
Lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, and skin of upper eyelid
Laryngeal, inferior
Branch of recurrent laryngeal
Muscles of larynx except cricothyroid
Laryngeal, recurrent
Nucleus ambiguus in the hindbrain via vagus nerve (CN X)
All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid.
Laryngeal, superior
Vagus
Mucous membrane of larynx; arytenoid and cricothyroid muscles
Lingual
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Mucous membrane of anterior two thirds of tongue and floor andouter wall of mouth

Nn. intercostales	Sensory and motor
Nn. intercostobrachiales	Sensory
Interosseous, anterior Volar interosseous n.	N. interosseus anterior	Motor
N. interosseus posterior	Motor and sensory
N. lacrimalis	Sensory
N. laryngeus inferior	Motor
N. laryngeus recurrens	Motor
N. laryngeus superior	Motor and sensory
N. lingualis	Sensory

Lumbar - Maxillary

Lumbar
Spinal cord
Loins and front of lower abdomen and thigh to help in forminglumbar and sacral plexuses
Mandibular
Trigeminal
Teeth, gums, and skin of lower jaw and cheek; muscles of mastication; mucous membrane of anterior two thirds of tongue
Masseteric
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Masseter muscle
Maxillary
Trigeminal
Nasal pharynx, palate, teeth of upper jaw and skin of cheek

Nn. lumbales	Motor and sensory
N. mandibularis	Motor and sensory
N. massetericus	Motor
N. maxillaris	Sensory

Median - Nasopalatine

Median
Internal and external cords of brachial plexus
Pronators and flexors of forearm, two external lumbricales,thenar muscles, skin of palm and first four fingers
Mental
Inferior alveolar
Skin and mucous membrane of lower lip and chin
Musculocutaneous
External cord of brachial plexus
Flexors of upper arm and skin of external aspect of forearm
Mylohyoid
Inferior alveolar
Mylohyoid muscle and anterior belly of digastric muscle
Ophthalmic div. of trigeminal
Ciliary ganglion, iris, conjunctiva, ethmoid cells, mucous membraneand skin of nose
Nasopalatine
Meckel's ganglion (Sphenopalatine ganglion)
Mucous membrane of nose and palate

N. medianus	Motor and sensory
N. mentalis	Sensory
N. musculocutaneous	Motor and sensory
N. mylohyoideus	Motor
Nasal Nasociliary n.	N. nasociliaris	Sensory
N. nasopalatinus	Sensory

Obturator - Olfactory

Obturator
2nd, 3rd, and 4th lumbar through lumbar plexus
Adductors of thigh, hip, and knee joints; skin of inner aspectof thigh
Occipital, greater
2nd cervical
Muscles of back of neck; skin over occiput
Occipital, lesser
2nd and 3rd cervical
Skin behind ear and on back of scalp
Occipital, third
3rd cervical
Skin of back of head and nape of neck
Floor of aqueduct of Sylvius
All ocular muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique
Olfactory lobe
Olfactory receptors

N. obturatorius	Motor and sensory
N. occipitalis major	Motor and sensory
N. occipitalis minor	Sensory
N. occipitalis tertius	Sensory
Oculomotor 3rd cranial n.	N. oculomotorius	Motor
Olfactory 1st cranial n.	Nn. olfactorii	Special sense of smell

Ophthalmic - Pterygoid

Ophthalmic
1st div. of trigeminal
Lacrimal gland, conjunctiva, skin of forehead, skin and mucousmembrane of nose
Corpora quadrigemina
Retina
Palatine, anterior, middle, and posterior
Meckel's ganglion
Mucous membrane of palate; autonomic to glands
Pectoralis
Brachial plexus
Pectoralis minor and major muscles
Perineal
Pudendal
Muscles and skin of perineum
Peroneal, common
Sciatic
Extensor muscles of lower leg and foot and overlying skin
Phrenic
3rd, 4th, and 5th cervical
Diaphragm
Pneumogastric SEE: Vagus n.

Pterygoid
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
Facial
Meckel's ganglion (sphenopalatine ganglion)

N. ophthalmicus	Sensory
Optic 2nd cranial n.	N. opticus	Special sense of sight
Nn. palatini	Sensory and motor
N. pectoralis lateralis, N. pectoralis medialis	Motor
N. perineales	Motor and sensory
N. peroneus communis	Motor and sensory
N. phrenicus	Motor and sensory
N. pterygoideus lateralis medialis	Motor
Pterygoid canal, n. of Vidian n.	N. canalis pterygoidei	Sensory

Pterygopalatine - Saphenous

Pterygopalatine
Maxillary div. of trigeminal
Meckel's ganglion
Pudendal
2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral
Skin and muscles of perineum and genitalia
Brachial plexus
Skin of back of entire arm and hand; extensor muscles of entirearm and hand
Sacral
Spinal cord
Muscles and skin of loins and lower extremities
Saphenous, external or short SEE: Sural n.

N. pterygopalatini	Sensory
N. pudendus	Sensory
Radial musculospiral n.	N. radialis	Motor and sensory
Nn. sacrales	Motor and sensory

Saphenous - Subscapular

Saphenous, internal or long
Femoral
Skin of inner aspect of knee, leg, ankle, and dorsum of foot
Sacral plexus
Muscles of calf and back of thigh; skin of lower calf and uppersurface of foot
Spinal accessory SEE: Accessory n. (11th cranial n.)

Stapedial
Facial
Stapedius muscle
Stylohyoid
Facial
Stylohyoid muscle
Suboccipital
Posterior div. of 1st cervical
Complexus oblique and rectus muscles of back of neck
Subscapular
Posterior cord of brachial plexus
Teres major and subscapularis muscles

N. saphenus	Sensory
Sciatic Great sciatic n.	N. ischiadicus	Motor and sensory
N. stapedius	Motor
	Motor
N. suboccipitalis	Motor
N. subscapularis	Motor

Supraclavicular - Supratrochlear

3rd and 4th cervical
Skin of fossa below collarbone
3rd and 4th cervical
Skin of shoulder
3rd and 4th cervical
Skin over upper part of thorax
Supraorbital
Frontal
Forehead, upper eyelid, scalp, and frontal sinus
Suprascapular
5th and 6th cervical
Supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles and the shoulder joint
Supratrochlear
Frontal
Skin of upper eyelid and root of nose

Supraclavicular, intermediate Supraclavicular n., middle; supraclavicular n.	Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii	Sensory
Supraclavicular, lateral Supraclavicular n., posterior; supra-acromial n.	Nn. supraclaviculares laterales	Sensory
Supraclavicular, medial Supraclavicular n., anterior; suprasternal n.	Nn. supraclaviculares mediales	Sensory
N. supraorbitalis	Sensory
N. suprascapularis	Motor
N. supratrochlearis	Sensory

Sural - Typanic

Sural
Common peroneal and tibial n.'s
Skin of calf and medial side of foot to great toe
Temporal, deep
Mandibular div. of trigeminal
Temporal muscle
Thoracic
Spinal cord
Muscles and skin of thorax
5th, 6th, and 7th cervical
Serratus anterior muscle
Thoracodorsal
C6-C8 nerve fibers via brachial plexus
Latissimus dorsi
Tibial
Sciatic
Flexor muscles of back of knee joint and calf; skin of lowerleg
Midbrain and pons
Skin of face, tongue, teeth; muscles of mastication
Floor of aqueduct of Sylvius
Superior oblique muscle of eye
Glossopharyngeal
Tympanum, eustachian tube, and structures of middle ear

N. suralis	Sensory
Nn. temporales profundi	Motor
Nn. thoracici	Motor and sensory
Thoracic, long Posterior thoracic n.; external respiratory n. of Bell	N. thoracicus longus	Motor
N.thoracodorsalis	Motor
N. tibialis	Motor and sensory
Trigeminal 5th cranial n.; trifacial n.	N. trigeminus	Motor and sensory
Trochlear 4th cranial n.; pathetic n.	N. trochlearis	Motor
Tympanic Jacobson's n.	N. tympanicus	Sensory

Ulnar - Zygomatic

Ulnar
Medial cord of brachial plexus
Muscles and skin of forearm and hand
Medulla oblongata
Pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, stomach and other abdominal viscera
Ganglion of Scarpa and ganglion of Corti
Cochlea, semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule
Zygomatic
Maxillary div. of trigeminal
Skin of temple and cheekbone

N. ulnaris	Motor and sensory
Vagus 10th cranial n.; pneumogastric n.	N. vagus	Motor and sensory
Vestibulocochlear 8th cranial n.; acoustic n.; auditory n.	N. vestibulocochlearis	Sense of hearing and equilibrium
N. zygomaticus	Sensory

Nerve Plexuses

aortic
ā-or′tĭk
Abdominal
Semilunar, lumbar ganglia, renal and solar plexuses.
Sides and front of aorta.
Inferior mesenteric, spermatic and hypogastric plexus. Filamentsto inferior vena cava.
Thoracic
Thoracic ganglia of sympathetic nerve, cardiac plexus.
Surrounding the thoracic aorta.
Solar plexus, aorta.
brachial
brā′kē-ăl
Anterior branches of 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th cervical, and greater partof 1st thoracic nerves.
Lower part of neck to axilla.
Sixteen branches of suprascapular, subscapular, rhomboid, median,ulnar, musculospiral, posterior thoracic, musculothoracic, circumflex, musculocutaneousnerves.
cardiac
kăr′dē-ăk
Great or Deep
Cardiac nerves of cervical ganglion of sympathetic and vagus.
In front of bifurcation of trachea.
Pulmonary, coronary and cardiac plexuses.
Superficial or Anterior
Left superior cardiac nerve, branch of vagus, and filaments of deepcardiac plexus.
Beneath arch of aorta. Front of right pulmonary artery.
Coronary and pulmonary plexuses.
carotid
kă-rŏt′ĭd
External
Pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac nerve, and superior cervical ganglion.
Around external carotid artery.
External carotid artery and its branches.
Internal
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Surrounding internal carotid artery.
Tympanic plexus, sphenopalatine ganglion, abducens and oculomotornerves, the cerebral vessels, and the ciliary ganglion.
cavernous
kăv′ĕr-nŭs
3rd to 6th cranial nerves and ophthalmic ganglion.
Cavernous sinus.
Wall of internal carotid artery.
celiac
sē′lē-ăk
Solar plexus, branches from lesser splanchnic and vagus nerves.
Behind stomach, in front of aorta at level of origin of celiac artery.
Coronary, hepatic, pyloric, gastroduodenal, gastroepiploic,and splenic plexuses. solar plexus
cervical
ser′vĭ-kăl
Anterior branches of first four cervical nerves.
Beneath sternocleidomastoid muscle opposite first four cervicalvertebrae.
Skin and muscles of neck; phrenic nerve to diaphragm.
coccygeal
kŏk-sĭj′ē-ăl
Fourth and 5th sacral and the coccygeal nerves.
Dorsal surface of coccyx and caudal end of sacrum.
Anococcygeal nerves.
cystic
sĭs′tĭk
Hepatic plexus.
At gallbladder.
Gallbladder.
esophageal
ē-sŏf″ă-jē′ăl
Vagus nerve, thoracic sympathetic ganglia.
Around the esophagus.
Esophagus.
gastric
găs′trĭk
Celiac plexus and continuations of esophageal plexuses.
Gastric artery.
Stomach.
hemorrhoidal
hĕm-ō-roy′dăl
Pelvic and inferior mesenteric plexuses.
Rectum and sides of rectum.
Rectum.
hepatic
hē-păt′īk
Celiac plexus, left vagus, right phrenic.
Accompanies hepatic artery.
Liver.
hypogastric
hī″pō-găs′trĭk
Aortic plexus and lumbar ganglia.
Promontory of sacrum.
Pelvic plexus.
lumbar
lŭm′băr
Anterior branches of first four lumbar nerves.
Psoas muscle.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitocrural, external cutaneous, obturator, accessory, and anterior crural nerves.
Meissner's
mīs′nĕrz
Superior mesenteric plexus (controls secretions of the bowels).
Submucosa of alimentary tube.
Mucosal glands and smooth muscle. submucosal plexus
mesenteric
mĕs″ĕn-tĕr′ĭk
Celiac plexus and left side of aortic plexus.
Surrounding the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries.
Descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, intestines.
myenteric
mī″ĕn-tĕr′ĭk
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers of alimentary tube.
Smooth muscle of alimentary tube; controls peristalsis. Auerbach's plexus
ophthalmic
ŏf-thăl′mĭk
Internal carotid plexus.
Around ophthalmic artery and optic nerve.
Optic region.
pancreatic
păn″krē-ăt′ĭk
Splenic plexus.
Near pancreas.
Filaments to pancreas.
pancreaticoduodenal
păn″krē-ăt″ĭ-kō-dū-ō-dē′năl
Hepatic plexus.
Near head of pancreas.
Filaments to pancreas and duodenum.
pelvic
pĕl′vĭk
Hypogastric plexus, 2nd to 4th sacral nerves, 1st and 2nd sacral ganglia (pelvic brain).
Side of rectum and bladder.
Viscera of pelvis, pelvic plexus.
phrenic
frĕn′ĭk
Cervical plexus, semilunar ganglia.
Accompanies phrenic artery to diaphragm.
Diaphragm and suprarenal capsules.
prostatic
prōs-tăt′ĭk
Hypogastric plexus.
Vesical arteries.
Bladder.
pulmonary
pŭl′mō-nĕ-rē
Anterior and posterior pulmonary branches of vagus and sympathetic nerves.
Root of lungs, front and back.
Root of lungs.
pyloric
pī-lor′ĭk
Hepatic plexus.
Near pylorus.
Filaments to pylorus.
renal
rē′năl
Solar and aortic plexuses and semilunar ganglia.
Renal artery.
Kidneys, posterior vena cava, spermatic plexus.
sacral
sā′krăl
Anterior branch of 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral nerves.
Front of sacrum on piriformis muscle.
Muscular, pudic, superior gluteal, great and small sciatic nerves.
solar
sō′lăr
Epigastric
Splanchnics and right vagus.
Back of stomach.
Semilunar ganglia, suprarenal, renal, spermatic, celiac, superior mesenteric, and aortic plexuses. Called abdominal brain. celiac plexus
spermatic
spĕr-măt′ĭk
Ovarian
Aortic plexus.
Accompanies spermatic vessels to testes or ovaries.
Testes or ovaries.
splenic
splĕn′ĭk
Celiac plexus, left semilunar ganglion, right vagus nerve.
Accompanies splenic artery.
Spleen, pancreatic plexus, left gastroepiploic plexus.
suprarenal
soo″pră-rē′năl
Diaphragmatic, solar, and renal plexuses.
Around suprarenal capsules.
Filaments to medulla of suprarenal capsules.
thyroid
thī′royd
Inferior
Middle cervical ganglion.
Around external carotid and inferior thyroid arteries.
Larynx, pharynx, thyroid gland.
Superior
Superior laryngeal and cardiac nerves.
Around the thyroid gland.
Thyroid region.
uterine
ū′tĕriĭn
Pelvic plexus.
Accompanies uterine arteries.
Cervix and lower part of uterus.
vaginal
văj′ĭn-ăl
Pelvic plexus.
Vaginal walls.
Vagina.
vertebral
vĕr′tĕ-brăl
First part thoracic ganglion, upper cervical nerves.
Surrounding basilar and vertebral arteries.
Vertebral and cerebellar regions.
vesical
vĕs′ĭ-kăl
Pelvic plexus.
Accompanies vesical arteries.
Vesicula seminalis, vas deferens.

Cranial Nerves

No.	Name	Nomina Anatomica Term	Origin	Distribution and Function
1st	Olfactory	Nn. olfactorii	Olfactory mucosa to olfactory bulb	Olfactory receptors, sensory for smell
2nd	Optic	N. opticus	Retina to optic chiasma	Rods and cones of the retina, sensory for sight
3rd	Oculomotor	N. oculomotorius	Midbrain	Motor and muscle sense for 4 extrinsic muscles of the eyeball (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique) and levator palpebrae superioris of the eyelid Motor to ciliary muscle that encircles lens; contracts for near vision Motor (parasympathetic) to sphincter smooth muscle fibers of the iris; constricts the pupil
4th	Trochlear	N. trochlearis	Midbrain	Motor and muscle sense for the superior oblique, an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball
5th	Trigeminal	N. trigeminus	Pons	Ophthalamic branch - sensory for the skin of the upper face and anterior scalp Maxillary branch - sensory for the upper teeth and lip, palate, nasal mucosa and pharyngeal mucosa Mandibular branch - sensory for lower teeth and lower face; somatic sensory for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; motor and muscle sense for chewing muscles
6th	Abducent	N. abducens	Pons	Motor and muscle sense for the lateral rectus, an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball
7th	Facial	N. facialis	Pons	Sensory for taste for the anterior two-thirds of tongue Motorand muscle sense for the muscles of facial expression Motor (parasympathetic) to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands Motor (parasympathetic) to the lacrimal glands
8th	Auditory (Acoustic)	N. vestibulocochlearis	Cochlea to medulla; Semicircular canals and vestibule to pons and cerebellum	Cochlear branch - sensory for the hair cells of the organ of Corti, for hearing Vestibular branch - sensory for static equilibrium (hair cells of the utricle and saccule) and for equilibrium of motion (hair cells of the semicircular canals)
9th	Glossopharyngeal	N. glossopharyngeus	Medulla oblongata	Sensory for taste and somatic senses for posterior one-third of the tongue Sensory for carotid sinus (pressoreceptors) and carotid body (chemoreceptors) as part of cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes Motor (parasympathetic) to the parotid salivary gland Motor and muscle sense for swallowing muscles
10th	Vagus	N. vagus	Medulla oblongata	Sensory for aortic sinus (pressoreceptors) and aortic body (chemoreceptors) as part of cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes Sensoryfor visceral sensation for thoracic and abdominal organs Inhibitory (parasympathetic) to heart Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the pharynx Motor to smooth muscle of the bronchial tree Motor to smooth muscle of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder Motor to gastrointestinal glands Motor to the muscles of the larynx
11th	Accessory	N. accessorius	Medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord	Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, and larynx Motor and muscle sense for the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles
12th	Hypoglossal	N. hypoglossus	Medulla oblongata	Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the tongue

Arteries

Alveolar, inferior
Maxillary
Lower anterior skull
Angular
Terminal branch of external maxillary
Neck and face
Aorta SEE: aorta in vocabulary

Arcuate (Metatarsal a.)
Dorsal a. of foot
Foot and toes
A. of the pterygoid canal
Maxillary
Roof of pharynx; auditory (eustachian) tube
Auditory, internal
Middle of basilar or anterior inferior cerebellar
Internal ear
Auricular, deep
Maxillary
Skin of auditory canal, tympanic membrane, and temporomandibular joint
Auricular, posterior
External carotid
Middle ear; mastoid cells; auricle; parotid gland
Axillary
Subclavian
Forms brachial artery and seven branches

A. alveolaris inferior	Dental; mylohyoid; mental
A. angularis
A. arcuata pedis	Deep plantar; dorsal metatarsal; dorsal digital
A. canalis pterygoidei
A. labyrinthi
A. auricularis profunda
A. auricularis posterior	Stylomastoid; auricular; occipital
A. axillaris	Superior; thoracic; thoracoacromial; lateral thoracic; subscapular; anterior and posterior humeral; thoracodorsal; brachial

Basilar
Vertebral
Pons
Brachial
Axillary
Upper arm
Brachial, deep
Brachial
Accompanies radial nerve
Brachiocephalic trunk (Innominate a.)
Arch of aorta
Right side of head, neck, and arm
Bronchial
Thoracic aorta
Bronchi; lower trachea; pulmonary vessels; pericardium; part of esophagus
Buccal (Buccinator a.)
Maxillary
Buccinator muscle; mucous membrane of mouth

A. basilaris	Posterior cerebral; pontine; internal auditory; anterior inferior cerebellar; superior cerebellar
A. brachialis	Deep brachial; nutrient; superior and inferior collateral; muscular
A. profunda brachii
Truncus brachiocephalicus	Right subclavian; right common carotid
Rr. bronchiales	Left and right bronchial
A. buccalis

Capsular, middle SEE: Suprarenal a., middle

Carotid, common
Brachiocephalic trunk (right); aortic arch (left)
Neck and thyroid
Carotid, external
Common carotid
Neck; face; skull
Carotid, internal
Common carotid
Anterior brain; eyes; forehead; nose
Celiac
Abdominal aorta
Stomach; liver; pancreas; duodenum; spleen
Cerebellar, anterior inferior
Basilar
Anterior undersurface of cerebellum
Cerebellar, posterior inferior
Vertebral
Cerebellum
Cerebellar, superior
Near termination of basilar
Upper cerebellum; midbrain; pineal body
Cerebral, anterior
Internal carotid
Cerebrum
Cerebral, posterior
Basilar
Cerebrum
Cervical, ascending
Inferior thyroid
Muscles of neck and spinal cord
Cervical, superficial
Thyroid axis
Muscles of shoulder
Cervical, transverse
Thyroid axis
Muscles and glands of neck
Choroidal, anterior (Choroid)
Internal carotid
Internal capsule
Ciliary, anterior
Ophthalmic and lacrimal
Iris; conjunctiva
Ciliary, long posterior
Ophthalmic
Iris and ciliary process
Ciliary, short posterior
Ophthalmic
Choroid coat of eye
Circumflex, anterior humeral
Lateral side of axillary
Shoulder joint and upper arm
Circumflex iliac a., deep
External iliac
Muscles of skin and lower abdomen
Circumflex, posterior humeral
Axillary
Deltoid and shoulder joint; upper arm
Colic, left
Inferior mesenteric
Descending and transverse colon
Colic, middle
Superior mesenteric
Transverse colon
Colic, right
Superior mesenteric
Ascending colon
Collateral, inferior ulnar
Brachial
Muscles at back of elbow
Collateral, superior ulnar
Brachial
Elbow joint and triceps muscles
Communicating, posterior
Internal carotid
Hippocampus; thalamus
Coronary, left
Ascending aorta
Left ventricle and atrium
Coronary, right
Ascending aorta
Right ventricle and atrium
Cystic
Proper hepatic
Gallbladder; liver

A. carotis communis	External and internal carotid
A. carotis externa	Superior thyroid; ascending pharyngeal; lingual; facial; occipital; posterior auricular; superficial temporal; maxillary
A. carotis interna	Caroticotympanic; vidian; cavernous; hypophyseal; semilunar; anterior meningeal; ophthalmic; anterior and middle cerebral; posterior communicating; choroidal
Truncus celiacus	Left gastric; common hepatic; splenic
A. cerebelli inferior anterior
A. cerebelli inferior posterior
A. cerebelli superior
A. cerebri anterior	Cortical; central; anterior communicating
A. cerebri posterior	Central; posterior choroidal; cortical temporal; calcarine; parieto-occipital
A. cervicalis ascendens

A. transversa colli	Deep and superficial rami
A. choroides anterior
Aa. ciliares anteriores
Aa. ciliares posteriores longae
Aa. ciliares posteriores breves
A. circumflexa humeri anterior
A. circumflexa ilium profunda
A. circumflexa humeri posterior
A. colica sinistra	Ascending and descending colic
A. colica media	Right and left colic
A. colica dextra	Ascending and descending colic
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior
A. collateralis ulnaris superior
A. communicans posterior cerebri
A. coronaria sinistra	Anterior descending coronary; circumflex
A. coronaria dextra	Posterior descending; marginal
A. cystica

Digital, common palmar
Palmar arch
Fingers
Digital, proper palmar (Collateral digital a.)
Common palmar digital
Fingers
Dorsal, of foot
Continuation of anterior tibial
Foot

Aa. digitales palmares communes	Proper palmar digital
Aa. digitales palmares propriae
A. dorsalis pedis	Lateral and medial tarsal; deep plantar; arcuate; first dorsal metatarsal

Epigastric, inferior
External iliac
Abdominal muscles; peritoneum
Epigastric, superficial
Femoral
Skin of abdomen; superficial fascia; inguinal lymph nodes
Epigastric, superior
Internal thoracic
Abdominal muscles and skin; diaphragm
Esophageal
In front of aorta
Esophagus
Ethmoidal, anterior
Ophthalmic
Ethmoidal cells and frontal sinus; dura mater; nasal cavity
Ethmoidal, posterior
Ophthalmic
Ethmoidal cells; dura mater; nasal cavity

A. epigastrica inferior	Cremasteric
A. epigastrica superficialis
A. epigastrica superior

A. ethmoidalis anterior	Anterior meningeal
A. ethmoidalis posterior	Posterior meningeal

Facial (External maxillary a.)
Carotid triangle
Face; tonsil; palate; submandibular gland
Facial, transverse
Superficial temporal
Parotid gland; skin of face; masseter muscle
Femoral
Continuation of external iliac
Lower abdominal wall; external genitalia; lower extremity
Femoral, deep
Femoral
Thigh muscles; hip joint; gluteal muscles; femur
Femoral, lateral circumflex
Deep femoral a.
Hip joint; thigh muscles
Femoral, medial circumflex
Medial aspect of deep femoral a.
Hip joint; thigh muscles
Fibula SEE: Peroneal a.

Frontal
Ophthalmic
Forehead muscles; cranium

A. facialis	Ascending palatine; tonsillar; submental; inferior and superiorlabial; angular; glandular; lateral nasal; muscular
A. transversa faciei
A. femoralis	Superficial epigastric; superficial circumflex iliac; external pudendal; deep femoral; descending genicular
A. profunda femoris	Perforating; medial and lateral circumflex
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis	Ascending; descending; transverse
A. circumflexa femoris medialis	Deep; acetabular; transverse; superficial
A. supratrochlearis

Gastric, left
Celiac trunk
Abdominal section of esophagus; stomach; left lobe of liver
Gastric, right
Common hepatic
Lesser curvature of stomach
Gastric, short
End of splenic
Greater curvature of stomach
Gastroduodenal
Common hepatic trunk
Stomach; duodenum; pancreas; greater omentum
Gastro-omental, left
Splenic
Stomach; greater omentum
Gastro-omental, right
Gastroduodenal
Stomach; greater omentum
Genicular, descending
Femoral
Knee joint; skin of upper and medial section of leg
Genicular, inferior
Popliteal
Knee joint; skin of upper and middle leg
Genicular, middle
Popliteal
Knee joint, ligaments and synovial membrane of knee
Genicular, superior
On either side of popliteal
Knee joint; femur; patella
Gluteal, inferior
Internal iliac
Buttocks and back of thigh
Gluteal, superior
Internal iliac
Gluteal region

A. gastrica sinistra	Anterior and posterior gastric; cardioesophageal
A. gastrica dextra
Aa. gastricae breves
A. gastroduodenalis	Superior pancreaticoduodenal; right gastroepiploic; retroduodenal
A. gastro-omentalis sinistra
A. gastro-omentalis dextra	Ascending pyloric and ascending branches to stomach
A. genus descendens	Saphenous; musculo-articular
A. genus inferior lateralis
A. genus media
A. genus superior lateralis
A. glutea inferior	Sciatic
A. glutea superior	Superficial and deep gluteal

Hemorrhoidal, middle
Internal iliac
Rectum; prostate; seminal vesicles
Hemorrhoidal, superior
Inferior mesenteric
Rectum
Hepatic, common
Celiac trunk
Stomach; pancreas; duodenum; liver; gallbladder; greater omentum
Hepatic, proper
Common hepatic
Liver and gallbladder

A. rectalis media
A. rectalis superior
A. hepatica communis	Right gastric; gastroduodenal; proper hepatic
A. hepatica propria	Cystic

Ileocolic
Superior mesenteric
Ileum; cecum; appendix; ascending colon
Iliac, common
End of abdominal aorta
Pelvis; abdominal wall; lower limbs
Iliac, external
Common iliac
Abdominal wall; external genitalia; lower limb
Iliac, internal
Common iliac
Walls and viscera of pelvis, buttocks, reproductive organs; medial side of thighs
Iliac, superficial circumflex
Femoral
Inguinal glands; skin of thigh and abdomen
Infraorbital
Maxillary
Maxillary sinus; center of face
Intercostal
Thoracic aorta
Intercostal spaces; back muscles; vertebral column; thoracic wall
Interosseous, anterior (Volar interosseous a.)
Common interosseous
Deep structures of anterior forearm
Interosseous, common
Ulnar
Deep structure of forearm
Interosseous, posterior
Common interosseous
Muscles of posterior forearm
Intestinal
Superior mesenteric
Jejunum and ileum

A. ileocolica	Superior and inferior ileocolic; appendicular
A. iliaca communis	External and internal iliac
A. iliaca externa	Inferior epigastric; deep circumflex iliac
A. iliaca interna	Superior, middle, and inferior vesical; middle hemorrhoidal; obturator; internal pudendal; inferior gluteal; uterine; vaginal; iliolumbar; lateralsacral; superior gluteal
A. circumflexa ilium superficialis
A. infraorbitalis	Anterior superior alveolar; orbital
Aa. intercostales posteriores	Anterior and posterior rami
A. interossea anterior	Median; nutrient; muscular
A. interossea communis	Anterior and posterior interosseous
A. interossea posterior	Recurrent interosseous

Labial, inferior
Near angle of mouth
Lower lip
Labial, superior
Near angle of mouth
Upper lip
Lacrimal
Ophthalmic
Lacrimal gland; eyelid; conjunctiva
Laryngeal, inferior
Inferior thyroid
Muscles and mucous membrane of trachea and larynx
Laryngeal, superior
Superior thyroid
Muscles, mucous membrane, and glands of larynx
Lingual
External carotid
Undersurface of tongue; tonsil; epiglottis
Lingual, deep
End of lingual
Undersurface of tongue
Lingual, dorsal
Lingual
Mucous membrane on dorsum of tongue; glossopalatine arch; tonsil; soft palate; epiglottis
Lumbar
Abdominal aorta
Abdominal wall; vertebrae; lumbar muscles; renal capsule

A. labialis inferior
A. labialis superior
A. lacrimalis	Lateral palpebral; zygomatic; recurrent
A. laryngea inferior
A. laryngea superior
A. lingualis	Suprahyoid; dorsal and deep lingual; sublingual
A. profunda linguae
Rr. dorsales linguae
Aa. lumbales	Posterior lumbar; muscular

Malleolar, lateral anterior
Anterior tibial
Ankle joint
Malleolar, medial anterior
Anterior tibial
Ankle joint
Malleolar, medial posterior
Peroneal
Tibial malleolus
Masseteric
Maxillary
Masseter muscle
Maxillary (Internal maxillary a.)
External carotid
Jaws and teeth; muscles of mastication; ear; meninges; nose; nasal sinus; palate
Maxillary, external SEE: Facial a.

Mediastinal, anterior
Internal thoracic
Anterior mediastinal cavity; portion of thymus
Medullary (Bulbar a.)
Vertebral
Medulla oblongata
Meningeal, middle
Maxillary
Dura mater; cranial bones
Mesenteric, inferior
Abdominal aorta
Left half of transverse colon; descending, iliac, and sigmoid colon; part of rectum
Mesenteric, superior
Abdominal aorta
Small intestine; cecum; ascending colon; part of transverse colon
Metacarpal, palmar
Deep palmar arch
Interosseous muscles and bones
Metatarsal, first dorsal
Dorsal a. of foot
Medial border of foot
Musculophrenic
Internal thoracic
Diaphragm; abdominal and thoracic walls

A. malleolaris anterior lateralis
A. malleolaris anterior medialis
Rr. malleolares mediales arteriae tibialis posterioris
A. masseterica
A. maxillaris	Anterior tympanic; deep auricular; middle and accessory meningeal; inferior and posterior superior alveolar; deep temporal; pterygoid; masseteric; buccal; infraorbital; greater palatine; pharyngeal; sphenopalatine
Rr. mediastinales arteriae thoracicae internae

A. meningea media	Superficial; petrosal; superior tympanic; orbital; temporal; and numerous small vessels
A. mesenterica inferior	Left colic; sigmoid; superior hemorrhoidal
A. mesenterica superior	Inferior pancreaticoduodenal; jejunal; ileal; ileocolic; right and middle colon
Aa. metacarpales palmares

A. musculophrenica

N-O

Nasal, dorsal
Ophthalmic
Lacrimal sac; integuments of nose
Obturator
Internal iliac
Pelvis and thigh
Occipital
Posterior part of external carotid
Muscles of neck and scalp; meninges; mastoid
Ophthalmic
Internal carotid
Eye and adjacent structures of face
Ovarian
Abdominal aorta
Ovaries; uterine tubes; ureter

A. dorsalis nasi	Lacrimal
A. obturatoria	Iliac; vesical; pubic; anterior and posterior obturator
A. occipitalis	Muscular; meningeal; sternomastoid; descending occipital; auricular
A. ophthalmica	Lacrimal; supraorbital; posterior and anterior ethmoidal; medial palpebral; frontal; dorsal nasal; central a. of retina; short posterior, long posterior, and anterior ciliary; muscular
A. ovarica	Ureteral

Palatine, ascending
Facial
Base of skull; palate; auditory tube
Palatine, greater
Maxillary
Palate and tonsils
Palpebral, medial (Internal Palpebral a.)
Ophthalmic
Upper and lower eyelids
Pancreaticoduodenal, inferior
Superior mesenteric
Pancreas; duodenum
Pancreaticoduodenal, superior
Gastroduodenal
Pancreas; duodenum
Perforating
Deep femoral
Back of thigh
Pericardiacophrenic
Internal thoracic
Diaphragm; pericardium; pleura
Peroneal (Fibular)
Posterior tibial
Ankle; deep calf muscles
Pharyngeal, ascending
Posterior part of external carotid
Pharynx; soft palate; ear; meninges; cranial nerves; capitis muscles
Phrenic
Aorta, abdominal
Diaphragm; adrenal glands
Phrenic
Aorta, thoracic
Diaphragm
Plantar, deep
Dorsal a. of foot
Sole of foot
Plantar, lateral
Posterior tibial
Toes and sole of foot
Plantar, medial
Posterior tibial
Muscles and skin of sole of foot and toes
Popliteal
Continuation of femoral
Knee and calf
Pudendal, external
Femoral
External genitalia; medial thigh
Pudendal, internal
Internal iliac
External genitalia
Pulmonary
Right ventricle
Lungs
Pulmonary, left
Pulmonary trunk
Left lung
Pulmonary, right
Pulmonary trunk
Right lung

A. palatina ascendens
A. palatina major	Greater and lesser palatine
Aa. palpebrales mediales	Superior and inferior palpebral
Aa. pancreaticoduodenales inferiores
Aa. supraduodenales superiores
Aa. perforantes
A. pericardiacophrenica
A. peronea (A. fibularis)	Perforating; communicating; calcaneal; tibial and fibular nutrient; lateral and medial malleolar
A. pharyngea ascendens	Pharyngeal; palatine; posterior meningeal; prevertebral; inferior tympanic
Aa. phrenicae inferiores	Medial, lateral, and superior adrenal
Aa. phrenicae superiores
R. plantaris profunda	First plantar metatarsal
A. plantaris lateralis	Plantar arch and plantar metatarsal
A. plantaris medialis	Superficial digital
A. poplitea	Anterior and posterior tibial; lateral and medial superior genicular; middle, sural, lateral, and medial inferior genicular; genicular articular
Aa. pudendae externae
A. pudenda interna	Posterior scrotal or posterior labial; inferior hemorrhoidal; perineal; urethral; a. of bulb of penis or vestibule; deep a. of penis or clitoris; dorsal a. of penis or clitoris
Truncus pulmonalis	Right and left pulmonary
A. pulmonalis sinistra	Numerous branches
A. pulmonalis dextra	Numerous branches

Radial
Brachial
Forearm; wrist; hand
Radial, of index finger
Principal a. of thumb
Index finger
Rectal, inferior
Internal iliac artery via internal pudental artery
Anus, anal sphincter, and surrounding skin
Rectal, middle
Internal iliac artery
Inferior rectum and anal canal
Rectal, superior
Inferior mesenteric artery
Rectum and anal canal
Recurrent, anterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Knee joint
Recurrent, posterior tibial
Anterior tibial
Knee joint
Recurrent, radial
Below elbow from radial
Elbow joint; muscles of forearm
Recurrent, ulnar
Ulnar
Elbow joint; skin and muscles of elbow
Renal
Abdominal aorta
Kidney; suprarenal gland; ureter
Retroduodenal
Gastroduodenal
Head of pancreas; duodenum; bile duct

A. radialis	Recurrent radial; muscular; palmar and dorsal carpal; superficial palmar; first dorsal metacarpal; principal a. of thumb; perforating; recurrent; palmar
A. radialis indicis
A. rectalis inferior
A. rectalis media
A. rectalis superior
A. recurrens tibialis anterior
A. recurrens tibialis posterior
A. recurrens radialis
A. recurrens ulnaris	Anterior and posterior recurrent
A. renalis	Inferior suprarenal

Sacral, lateral
Internal iliac
Coccyx and sacrum
Sacral, middle
Abdominal aorta
Sacrum; coccyx; rectum
Scapula, circumflex a. of
Subscapular
Lateral border of scapula; infraspinous fossa
Scapular, descending (Dorsal scapular a.)
Subclavian
Medial border of scapula
Sigmoid
Inferior mesenteric
Iliac, sigmoid, and pelvic colon
Spermatic, internal SEE: Testicular a.

Sphenopalatine (Nasopalatine a.)
Maxillary
Nose
Spinal, anterior (Ventral spinal a.)
Vertebral
Anterior spinal cord
Spinal, posterior (Dorsal spinal a.)
Vertebral
Posterior spinal cord
Splenic
Celiac trunk
Pancreas; spleen; stomach; greater omentum
Sternomastoid
Occipital or external carotid
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
Stylomastoid
Posterior auricular
Mastoid; tympanic cavity; stapedius muscle
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic trunk (right); arch of aorta (left)
Brain; meninges; spinal cord; neck; thoracic walls; upper limbs
Subcostal
Thoracic aorta
Upper abdominal wall
Sublingual
Anterior margin of hypoglossus
Sublingual gland and mucous membrane of mouth and gums
Submental
Facial
Mylohyoid muscle; submandibular and sublingual glands; lowerlip
Subscapular
Axillary
Shoulder
Supraorbital
Ophthalmic
Forehead; frontal sinus; upper eyelid; upper muscles of orbit
Suprarenal, middle (Middle capsular a.)
Abdominal aorta
Suprarenal gland
Suprascapular (Transverse scapular a.)
Thyroid axis
Scapular; clavicle; shoulder joint
Sural
Popliteal opposite knee joint
Calf

Aa. sacrales laterales
A. sacralis mediana	Lowest lumbar
A. circumflexa scapulae
A. scapularis descendens
Aa. sigmoideae
A. sphenopalatina	Posterior lateral nasal; posterior septal
A. spinalis anterior
A. spinalis posterior
A. splenica	Pancreatic; left gastroepiploic; short gastric; splenic
Rr. sternocleidomastoidei arteriae occipitalis
A. stylomastoidea
A. subclavia	Vertebral; internal thoracic; thyrocervical; costocervical; transversecervical
A. subcostalis	Dorsal and spinal
A. sublingualis
A. submentalis
A. subscapularis	Scapular circumflex and thoracodorsal
A. supraorbitalis
A. suprarenalis media
A. suprascapularis	Acromial; suprasternal
Aa. surales

Tarsal, lateral
Dorsal a. of foot
Muscles and joints of tarsus
Tarsal, medial
Dorsal a. of foot
Middle portion of foot
Temporal, middle
Above zygomatic arch
Temporal muscle
Temporal, superficial
End of external carotid
Parotid gland; auricle; scalp; skin of face; masseter muscle
Testicular (Internal spermatic a.)
Abdominal aorta
Ureter; epididymis; testes
Thoracic, internal (Internal mammary a.)
Subclavian
Anterior thoracic wall; mediastinal structures; diaphragm
Thoracic, lateral
Axillary
Shoulder muscles and axillary glands
Thoracic, superior
Thoracoacromial
Muscles of chest
Thoracoacromial
Axillary
Muscles and skin of upper arm, shoulder, and chest
Thoracodorsal
Subscapular
Posterior portion of axillary
Thumb, principal a. of
Radial
Sides and palmar aspect of thumb
Thyroid, inferior
Thyroid axis
Thyroid gland; esophagus
Thyroid, superior
External carotid
Hyoid muscles; larynx; thyroid gland; pharynx
Tibial, anterior
Popliteal
Leg; ankle; foot
Tibial, posterior
Lower end of popliteal
Leg; foot; heel
Tympanic, anterior
Maxillary
Lining of tympanic arch
Tympanic, inferior
Ascending pharyngeal
Tympanic cavity
Ulnar
Brachial
Forearm; wrist and hand

A. tarsalis lateralis
Aa. mediales
A. temporalis media
A. temporalis superficialis	Transverse facial; middle temporal; anterior auricular; frontal;parietal
A. testicularis	Ureteral
A. thoracica interna	Pericardiacophrenic; anterior mediastinal; pericardial; sternal; intercostal; perforating; musculophrenic; superior epigastric
A. thoracica lateralis	In the female, external mammary
A. thoracica suprema
A. thoracoacromialis	Pectoral; acromial; clavicular; deltoid
A. thoracodorsalis
A. princeps pollicis	Radial a. of index finger
A. thyroidea inferior	Inferior laryngeal; tracheal; muscular; esophageal; ascending cervical
A. thyroidea superior	Hyoid; sternomastoid; superior laryngeal; cricothyroid
A. tibialis anterior	Anterior and posterior tibial recurrent; fibular; lateral and medial anterior malleolar
A. tibialis posterior	Peroneal; lateral and medial posterior malleolar; communicating; plantar; tibial and fibular nutrient
A. tympanica anterior
A. tympanica inferior
A. ulnaris	Anterior and posterior recurrent; common interosseous; muscular; palmar and dorsal carpal; deep palmar; superficial palmar arch

U - V

Uterine
Internal iliac
Uterus; uterine tubes; ovary; vagina
Vaginal
Uterine
Vagina; bladder
Vertebral
Subclavian
Muscles of neck; vertebrae; spinal cord; cerebellum; interior of cerebrum
Vesical, inferior
Internal iliac
Bladder; prostate; seminal vesicles
Vesical, superior
Internal iliac
Upper part of bladder

A. uterina	Vaginal; ovarian; tubal
A. vaginalis
A. vertebralis	Spinal; muscular; anterior and posterior spinal; posterior inferior cerebellar; medullary
A. vesicalis inferior
Aa. vesicales superiores	A. to the ductus deferens

Veins

Angular
Union of supratrochlear and supraorbital veins
Continues inferiorly as facial v.
Short superficial v. in nasal region
Antebrachial, median
Base of dorsum of thumb
Ascends forearm between cephalic and basilic veins to elbow where it joins these veins
Superficial v. in forearm
Auricular, posterior
Plexus on side of head
From side of head it descends behind the pinna where it unites with retromandibular v. to form the external jugular v.
Superficial v. that drains parietal and posterior part of temporal region
Axillary
Junction of basilic and brachial veins
Lower border of teres major muscles to lateral border of first rib where it becomes the subclavian v.
Portion of venous trunk of upper extremity
Azygos
Arises from ascending lumbar v.
From level of diaphragm up posterior thoracic wall on right of vertebral bodies to superior vena cava
Trunk that connects superior and inferior venae cavae

V. angularis
V. mediana antebrachii
V. auricularis posterior
V. axillaris
V. azygos

Basilic
Ulnar side of dorsal rete of hand
Ascends posteriorly on the forearm. Below the elbow it moves to exterior surface where it joins axillary v.
Superficial v. of hand and forearm
Brachial
Tributaries from structures in upper arm
Follows course of brachial artery and joins axillary v.
Each v. drains an arm
Brachiocephalic (Innominate v.)
Union of internal jugular and subclavian veins
From sternal end of clavicle it descends below the cartilage of first rib to form superior vena cava
Paired veins that drain blood from head, neck, and upper extremities and unite to form superior vena cava
Bronchial
Capillaries of bronchi and roots of lungs
Empties into azygos v. on the right and into hemiazygos or superior intercostal veins on left
Several veins that return blood from larger bronchi and roots of lungs

V. basilica
Vv. brachiales
Vv. brachiocephalicae (dextra et sinistra)
Vv. bronchiales

Cardiac
Capillaries of myocardium
Usually empty into coronary sinus
Drain blood from myocardium
Cardinal
Each v. receives a v. from caudal and cephalic portions of embryo
Include precardinal and postcardinal veins
First veins to appear in body of embryo
Cephalic
Radial border of dorsal rete of hand
Winds anteriorly up arm and empties into axillary v.
Superficial v. of arm and forearm
Cerebellar, inferior
Undersurface of cerebellum
Empty into transverse, superior, petrosal, and occipital sinuses
Large veins of undersurface of cerebellum
Cerebellar, superior
Upper surface of cerebellum
Empty into straight sinus or transverse sinus
Veins from upper surface of cerebellum
Cerebral, great
Formed by union of two internal cerebral veins
Curves backward and upward around the splenium of the corpuscallosum and continues as a straight sinus
Short median trunk
Cerebral, inferior
Tributaries in lobes of cerebrum
From various lobes they empty into cavernous and transverse sinuses
Small-sized veins that drain undersurfaces of hemispheres
Cerebral, internal
Formed near interventricular foramen by union of terminal and choroid veins
Run backward parallel to one another and unite at the splenium of the corpus callosum to form great cerebral v.
Two veins that drain deep parts of hemispheres
Cerebral, superficial middle
Lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
Follows lateral cerebral fissure and empties into cavernous sinus
Drains lateral surface of cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral, superior
Capillaries of cerebrum
From cerebrum to longitudinal cerebral fissure, opening intosuperior sagittal sinus
Eight to twelve veins that drain the surface of the cerebral hemisphere
Cervical, deep
Plexus in suboccipital triangle
Follows deep cervical artery down neck and empties into vertebralor brachiocephalic v.
Deep v. of neck
Cervical, transverse
Capillaries of supraspinous region of scapula and neck
From supraspinous region of scapula diagonally across shoulder to subclavian or external jugular v.
Drain blood from supraspinous region of scapula and neck
Cutaneous
Capillaries of superficial tissues of body wall
Throughout subcutaneous tissue of body wall
One of the veins located beneath layers of superficial fascia immediately under the skin
Cystic
Capillaries of gallbladder
From gallbladder along cystic duct to enter right branch of portal v. just below liver
Drains gallbladder

Vv. cordis; Vv. cardiaca (4)

V. cephalica
Vv. cerebelli inferiores
Vv. cerebelli superiores
V. cerebri magna
Vv. cerebri inferiores
Vv. cerebri internae
V. cerebri media superficialis
Vv. cerebri superiores
V. cervicalis profunda
Vv. transversae cervicis
V. cutanea
V. cystica

Deep
Extremities
Throughout the body
Accompany homonymous arteries and usually enclosed in sheaths with those vessels
Digital, palmar
Capillaries of superficial tissues of palmar surface of fingers
Along proper and common digital arteries
Superficial veins of palmar surface of fingers
Digital, plantar
Capillaries of toes
Along plantar surface of toes to foot to form four metatarsal veins
Veins of plantar surface of toes
Diploic
Spongy bone between internal and external skull surfaces
Connect with meningeal veins, sinuses of the dura mater, and veins of the pericranium
Large veins of the skull. Main veins are frontal, anterior and posterior temporal, and occipital.


Vv. digitales palmares
Vv. digitales plantares
Vv. diploicae

Emissary
Cerebral sinuses
Pass through foramina of skull
Small valveless veins that connect sinuses inside the skull andveins external to it
Epigastric, inferior
Capillaries of internal surface of lower anterior abdominal walls
Internal surface of abdominal wall diagonally across wall to flow into external iliac v.
V. of lower anterior abdominal wall
Epigastric, superficial
Superficial tissues of lower portion of anterior abdominal wall
Follows superficial epigastric artery and opens into great saphenous v.
Drains lower and medial portion of abdominal wall
Esophageal
Capillaries of esophagus
From esophagus empty into inferior thyroid, hemiazygos, azygos, or left brachiocephalic v.
Several small trunks that drain esophagus

Vv. emissariae
V. epigastrica inferior
V. epigastrica superficialis
Vv. esophageae

Facial
Continuation of angular v.
From inner angle of orbit it passes diagonally downward and outward to lower jaw
Deep v. of face. Branches drain deep structures of face.
Femoral
Continuation of popliteal v.
From posterior region of knee it follows course of femoral artery, becoming external iliac v. at inguinal ligament
Large v. of thigh
Femoral, deep
Tributaries from posterior region of thigh
Accompanies deep femoral artery to femoral triangle where it joins femoral v.
Deep v. of thigh

V. facialis
V. femoralis
V. profunda femoris

Gastric, left
Gastrohepatic omentum
Right to left along lesser curvature of stomach to enter portalv.
Drains both surfaces of stomach
Gastric, right (Pyloric)
Small v. from upper portion of stomach
From upper stomach runs left to right along pyloric portion of lesser curvature of stomach to end in portal v.
Drains upper portion of stomach
Gastric, short
Capillaries of fundus of stomach
From wall of stomach empty into splenic v.
Drain wall of stomach
Gastro-omental, left
Branches from stomach and greater omentum
Right to left on greater curvature of stomach to empty into splenic v.
V. of upper stomach
Gastro-omental, right
Branches from greater omentum and lower surfaces of stomach
Left to right on greater curvature of stomach to empty into superior mesenteric v.
V. of lower stomach
Gluteal, inferior (Sciatic v.)
Capillaries of upper part of back of thigh
Upper back thigh through lower sciatic foramen where they unite into a single v. and empty into internal iliac v.
V. of lower region of hip
Gluteal, superior
Capillaries of gluteal and adjacent muscles
From tissues of hip they pass through sciatic foramen to empty into internal iliac v.
Drain muscles of buttocks

V. gastrica sinistra
V. gastrica dextra
Vv. gastricae breves
V. gastro-omentalis sinistra
V. gastro-omentalis dextra
Vv. gluteae inferiores
Vv. gluteae superiores

Hemiazygos
Left ascending lumbar v.
Lumbar region through diaphragm, crossing in front of spine and emptying into azygos v.
Single v. of lower left thoracic wall
Hemiazygos, accessory
Capillaries of upper intercostal spaces
From left side of vertebra crosses over spine to enter azygos v.
Drains blood from intercostal spaces above level of sixth to seventh
Hepatic
Tissues of liver
From liver empty into inferior vena cava
Drain the liver
Ileocolic
Capillaries of organs in area of ileum and colon
From lower portion of ascending colon runs parallel with ileocolic artery and empties into superior mesenteric v.
Large tributary of mesenteric v. that drains the ileum, appendix, cecum, and lower part of ascending colon

V. hemiazygos
V. hemiazygos accessoria
Vv. hepaticae
V. ileocolica

Iliac, common
Union of internal and external iliac veins
Diagonally across pelvis
Large v. that drains blood from pelvis and leg. One on each side meets to form inferior vena cava
Iliac, deep circumflex
Capillaries of deep muscles of upper portion of thigh and lower portion of abdomen
Deep tissues of anterior superior spine along inner surface of pelvic brim to external iliac v.
V. of deep structures of iliac region
Iliac, external
Begins behind inguinal ligament as continuation of external iliac v.
Behind inguinal ligament to sacroiliac articulation where it unites with internal iliac v. to form common iliac v.
Upward continuation of external iliac v.
Iliac, internal (Hypogastric v.)
Near upper part of greater sciatic foramen
Upper part of greater sciatic foramen
Short v. that draws blood from pelvis
Intercostal
Tributaries of other veins of intercostal spaces
Intercostal spaces to region of lower ribs
One of a number of veins (anterior, posterior, right, left, superior,and highest) that drain blood from intercostal spaces
Intervertebral
Vertebral plexuses
Vertebral plexuses through intervertebral foramina where they empty into regional veins
One of numerous veins that drain vertebral plexuses and accompany spinal nerves

V. iliaca communis
V. circumflexa ilium profunda
V. iliaca externa
V. iliaca interna

V. intervertebralis

Jugular, anterior
From veins of region of lower lip
From lower jaw descends neck anteriorly and enters external jugular v.
Superficial v. of anterior region of neck
Jugular, external
Formed at parotid gland by union of posterior auricular and retromandibular veins
From parotid gland descends perpendicularly in neck to empty into subclavian, internal jugular, or brachiocephalic v.
A large superficial v. that receives greater part of blood from exterior of cranium and deep parts of face
Jugular, internal
Continuous from transverse sinus at base of skull
Runs vertically in neck and unites with subclavian v. at root of neck to form the brachiocephalic v.
Largest v. of head and neck. Collects blood from brain, superficial parts of face, and neck

V. jugularis anterior
V. jugularis externa
V. jugularis interna

Lingual
Capillaries of tongue and sublingual areas
Follows distribution of lingual artery
Deep v. of tongue
Lumbar
Capillaries of abdominal walls
Abdominal walls to ascending lumbar v., inferior vena cava, and iliolumbar v.
Four or five veins of abdominal walls
Lumbar, ascending
Lateral sacral veins
Lateral sacral v. along lateral border of spinal column to first lumbar vertebra where it becomes azygos v. on right side and hemiazygos v. on left side
Longitudinal v. that connects lumbar veins

V. lingualis
Vv. lumbales
V. lumbalis ascendens

Meningeal
Meninges of brain
Accompany meningeal arteries from meninges and empty into regional sinuses and veins
Multiple veins of dura mater of brain
Mesenteric, superior
Capillaries of small intestine
From ileum in right iliac fossa it follows distribution of its artery and unites with splenic v. behind pancreas to form portal v.
Large v. from small intestine
Mesenteric, inferior
Capillaries of colon and rectum
As a continuation of superior rectal v. ascends behind peritoneum and enters splenic v.
Drains blood from rectum and sigmoid and descending parts of colon
Metacarpal, dorsal
Capillaries of hand
From digital venous arches join to form dorsal venous rete of hand
Superficial veins of back of hand
Metacarpal, palmar
Capillaries of palm
Deep tissues of palm along metacarpal bone to deep venous arches
Deep veins on both sides of hand
Metatarsal, dorsal
Dorsal digital veins of toes
Through metatarsal spaces to unite to form dorsal venous arch
Deep veins of back of foot
Metatarsal, plantar
Plantar digital veins
From toes to ankles and open into plantar venous arch
Deep veins of solar aspect of foot
Musculophrenic
Capillaries of upper abdominal wall, lower intercostal spaces, and diaphragm
Along thoracic surface of diaphragm upward lateral to sternum to unite with superior epigastric v. to form internal thoracic v.
Drains blood from thoracic surface of diaphragm and from walls of thorax and abdomen

Vv. meningeae
V. mesenterica superior
V. mesenterica inferior
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales
Vv. metacarpeae palmares
Vv. metatarsales dorsales
Vv. metatarsales plantares
Vv. musculophrenicae

Obturator
Union of tributaries of hip and muscle of upper posterior thigh
From upper portion of adductor region of thigh run through upper part of obturator foramen and run back to empty into internal iliac v.
Drains blood from obturator foramen
Occipital
Plexus at back part of vertex of skull
From plexus of occipital region, occasionally following course of occipital artery, extends to internal or external jugular v.
Superficial veins that drain occipital region
Ophthalmic, inferior
Venous network at forepart of orbit
Runs backward in lower orbit and divides into two branches. One passes through inferior orbital fissure and joins pterygoid venous plexus; the second enters cranium through superior orbital fissure and ends in cavernous sinus
Ophthalmic v. that divides into two terminal branches
Ophthalmic, superior
Inner angle of orbit
Follows course of ophthalmic artery into cavernous sinus
Paired veins of orbital cavity
Ovarian, right and left
Capillaries of ovaries, uterine tubes, and adjacent structures
Pampiniform plexus of broad ligament into inferior vena cavaon right and left renal v. on left
Drains ovaries

Vv. obturatoriae
v. occipitale
V. ophthalmica inferior
V. ophthalmica superior
V. ovarica dextra and V. ovarica sinistra

Palatine, external
Capillaries of deep tissues of neck
Palatine regions into facial v.
Drains blood from tonsils and soft palate
Pancreatic
Capillaries of pancreas
From pancreas into splenic and superior mesenteric veins
V. of pancreas
Parietal emissary
Upper skull
Connects superior sagittal sinus with extracranial veins
Small v. that passes through the parietal foramen of the skull
Parumbilical
Cutaneous veins in region of umbilicus
From region of umbilicus run backward and upward to left portal v.
Small important veins that establish communication between portal v. and superior and inferior epigastric veins
Penis, dorsal v. of
Capillaries of skin or tissue of penis
Runs length of penis between two dorsal arteries
Two (deep and superficial) veins of penis
Peroneal (Fibular veins)
Veins of ankle and capillaries of tissues of leg
From venous plexus in region of heel upward along lateral region of deep tissue to flow into posterior tibial v.
Deep veins of leg
Pharyngeal
Pharyngeal plexus
Empty from pharyngeal plexus into internal jugular v.
Drain pharyngeal plexus
Phrenic, inferior
Tissues of diaphragm
From diaphragm flow to inferior vena cava on right side and left suprarenal v. on left side
Drain abdominal surface of diaphragm
Popliteal
Union of tibial veins at lower border of popliteus muscle
From tibial veins upward to adductor hiatus to become femoral v.
Large v. in posterior region of knee
Portal
Union of superior mesenteric and splenic veins
Abdominal cavity
Subdivision of systemic venous system. Collects blood from digestive tract and conveys it to the liver.
Pudendal, external
Capillaries of superficial tissues of lower abdomen, scrotum, or labia
From lower abdomen transversely across upper region of thigh to great saphenous or femoral v.
Drain blood from superficial regions of medial aspect of upper thigh and receive subcutaneous dorsal veins of external genitals
Pudendal, internal
Deep vein of penis or clitoris
Follows course of internal pudendal artery and opens into internal iliac v.
Drains the perineum and external genitals
Pulmonary
Capillaries around air sacs of lungs
Lungs to left atrium
Four veins that return oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium of heart

V. palatina externa
Vv. pancreaticae
V. emissaria parietalis
Vv. parumbilicales
V. dorsalis profunda penis
Vv. peroneae (fibulares)
Vv. pharyngeae
Vv. phrenicae inferiores
V. poplitea
V. portae hepatis
Vv. pudendae externae
V. pudenda interna
Vv. pulmonales

Radial
Palmar arches of hand
From palmar arches of hand accompany radial artery along lateral side of forearm in deep tissues to unite with ulnar v. to form brachial v.
Large deep veins on radial side of forearm
Rectal, inferior
Venous plexus of anal canal
Anal canal to internal pudendal v.
Drain the rectal plexus
Rectal, middle
Rectal plexus with tributaries from bladder, prostate, and seminal vesicles
Run laterally from rectal plexus to internal iliac v.
Drain the rectal plexus
Rectal, superior
Capillaries of rectum
Ascends from rectal plexus to brim of pelvis into inferior mesenteric v.
Drains upper part of rectal plexus
Renal
Capillaries of kidneys. The left v. receives the left suprarenal v. and left gonadal v.
From kidneys transversely across posterior abdominal wall to inferior vena cava
Short thick trunks that drain the kidneys. The left is longer than the right

Vv. radiales
Vv. rectales inferiores
Vv. rectales mediae
V. rectalis superior
Vv. renales

Sacral, lateral
Tissues of posterior pelvic wall
Posterior pelvic wall upward along sacrum to empty into internal iliac v.
Large v. of posterior pelvic wall veins
Sacral, middle
Capillaries of tissues of posterior pelvic wall
From pelvic wall in sacral region follows middle sacral artery to empty into common iliac v.
Large v. of posterior pelvic wall
Saphenous, great
Medial marginal v. of dorsum of foot
Dorsum of foot to femoral v. just below the inguinal ligament
Longest v. in body
Saphenous, small
Continuation of marginal v.
From behind malleolus ascends back of leg to knee joint where it opens into popliteal v.
Large superficial v. of back of leg
Sciatic SEE: Gluteal v., inferior

Spinal, anterior and posterior
Spinal cord and its pia mater
Spinal cord through roots to internal vertebral venous plexuses
Network of veins draining blood from spinal cord
Splenic
Union of several small veins at the hilus of the spleen
From spleen transversely across abdomen to head of pancreas; forms portal v. by joining the superior mesenteric v.
Large v. that drains blood from spleen and part of stomach
Subcardinal SEE: Cardinal v.

Subclavian
Continuation of axillary v.
Outer border of first rib to sternal end of clavicle where it joins the internal jugular v. to form the brachiocephalic v.
Main venous trunk of upper extremity
Supraorbital
Capillaries and superficial tissues of region of eye
From region of eye along lateral wall of orbital cavity to root of nose where it unites with supratrochlear v. to form angular v.
Drains upper portion of orbital cavity
Suprarenal, left
Capillaries of left adrenal gland
Hilum of left suprarenal gland, ascending to left renal v.
V. of left adrenal gland
Suprarenal, right
Capillaries of right adrenal gland
Hilum of right adrenal gland to inferior vena cava
V. of right adrenal gland
Supratrochlear (Frontal v.) (2)
Capillaries of anterior region of scalp
From venous plexuses in forehead diagonally to left of root of nose where they unite with supraorbital v. to form angular v.
Drain the anterior scalp

Vv. sacrales laterales
V. sacralis mediana
V. saphena magna
V. saphena parva
Vv. spinales anteriores and Vv. superiores
V. splenica
V. subclavia
V. supraorbitalis
V. suprarenalis sinistra
V. suprarenalis dextra
Vv. supratrochleares

Temporal, middle
Substance of temporal muscle
From lateral superficial plexus of skull it passes to zygoma where it joins superficial temporal v. to form retromandibular v.
Superficial v. of lateral portion of stomach
Temporal, superficial
Lateral scalp in parietal and frontal region
Temporal region of scalp diagonally to ear and downward to mandible where they unite with maxillary v. to form retromandibular v.
Veins of superficial tissues of skull
Testicular
Capillaries of testes
From brim of pelvis upward along posterior abdominal wall toinferior vena cava on right and renal v. on left
Receives blood from testis and epididymis
Thoracic, internal
Tributaries from tissues of intercostal spaces
Tributaries form a single trunk that runs up medial side ofinternal thoracic artery and ends in brachiocephalic v.
Deep v. of chest draining intercostal spaces
Thoracic, lateral (Long thoracic v.)
Capillaries of muscles and glands of anterior chest
Tissues of anterior chest muscles to axillary v.
A large tributary v. of the axillary v. that drains the lateral thoracic wall
Thoracoepigastric
Region of superficial epigastric v.
Run laterally along trunk from superficial epigastric v. tolateral thoracic v.
Superficial v. of trunk that establishes an important communication between the femoral and axillary veins
Thyroid, inferior
Veins from thyroid glands
Downward to brachiocephalic v.
Two or more veins that arise in venous plexuses on thyroid gland
Thyroid, superior
Substance and surface of thyroid gland
Accompanies superior thyroid artery and empties into internal jugular v.
One v. from either side of thyroid
Tibial, anterior
Capillaries of leg tissue and dorsal metatarsal v.
Accompany anterior tibial artery, ascending between tibia and fibula and uniting with posterior tibial v. to form popliteal v.
Deep veins of anterior aspect of leg
Tibial, posterior
Capillaries of deep tissues of leg
From ankle up posterior aspect of leg to unite with anterior tibial v. to form popliteal v. just below knee
Deep veins of back of leg

V. temporalis media
Vv. temporales superficiales
V. testicularis dextra and sinistra
Vv. thoracicae internae
V. thoracica lateralis
Vv. thoracoepigastricae
V. thyroidea inferior
V. thyroidea superior
Vv. tibiales anteriores
Vv. tibiales posteriores

Ulnar
Palmar arches of hand
Palmar arches of hand upward in deep tissues along ulnar side of forearm to form brachial v. with radial v. at elbow
Large deep veins of medial aspect of forearm
Umbilical
Placental tissues
Along umbilical cord through umbilicus to liver upward through inferior vena cava to heart
V. that carries blood from placenta to fetus
Uterine
Tissues of uterus
Uterine plexus through part of the broad ligament to empty into internal iliac v.
Veins carrying blood from uterus

Vv. ulnares
V. umbilicalis sinistra
Vv. uterinae

Vena cava inferior
Right and left iliac veins
From union of iliac veins at level of fifth lumbar vertebra to right atrium of heart
Returns blood from lower half of body
Vena cava superior
Two brachiocephalic veins
From below right costal cartilage to right atrium of heart
Drains blood from upper half of body
Vertebral
Numerous small tributaries in the suboccipital triangle
Base of skull down neck, opening into brachiocephalic v.
Drains blood from internal vertebral venous plexuses
Vertebral, anterior
Plexus around transverse process of upper cervical vertebrae
Descends from region of upper cervical vertebrae with ascending cervical artery and opens into terminal part of vertebral v.
Small v.

V. cava inferior
V. cava superior
V. vertebralis
V. vertebralis anterior

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