Anatomy
Muscles
The human body has more than 650 muscles, the total varying according to the authority, as some list as separate muscles what others regard as single muscles. Most of the muscles occur in pairs, reflecting the body's bilateral symmetry; five occur singly. In the lists that follow, muscles are grouped as to body area. Following those groupings is an alphabetical index of all of the muscles included, and the body area in which each may be found.
HEAD AND FACE
auricularis anterior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Draws pinna of ear forward and upward.
Superficial temporal fascia.
Helix of ear anteriorly.
Facial.
auricularis posterior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Draws pinna of ear backward.
Mastoid process.
Root of auricle.
Facial.
auricularis superior
aw-rĭk″ū-lā′rĭs sū-pē′rē-or
Elevates pinna of ear.
Galea aponeurotica.
Upper portion of pinna of ear.
Facial.
buccinator
bŭk″sĭn-ā′tor
Compresses cheek, retracts angle of mouth.
Alveolar process of maxilla, pterygomandibular ligament, buccinator ridge of mandible.
Orbicularis oris.
Facial.
ciliaris
sĭl-ĭ-ā′rĭs
Alters shape of crystalline lens in accommodation.
(1) Meridional: Junctions of cornea and sclera. (2) Circular: Fibersforming a circle close to iris.
(1) External layers of choroid. (2) Ciliary process.
Short ciliary.
corrugator supercilii
kōr′ū-gā′tōr sū-pĕr-sĭl′ĭ-ī
Draws eyebrows down and in.
Inner end of superciliary arch.
Skin above orbital arch.
Facial.
depressor anguli oris
dē-prĕs′or ăng′ū-līō′rĭs
Depresses angle of mouth.
External oblique line of mandible.
Angle of mouth.
Facial.
depressor labii inferioris
dē-prĕs′or lā′bĭ-ī ĭn-fē″rĭ-ō′rĭs
Draws lower lip down.
External oblique line of the mandible.
Lower lip and orbicularis oris.
Facial.
depressor septi nasi
dē-prĕs′or sĕp′tĭ nā′sī
Draws outer wall of nostril downward.
Incisive fossa of superior maxillary bone.
Septum and ala of nose.
Facial.
dilator naris anterior
dĭl′ă-tor nā′rĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Dilates apertures of nostril.
Cartilage of ala of nose.
Border of ala.
Facial.
dilator naris posterior
dĭl′ă-tor nā′rĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Dilates apertures of nostril.
Nasal notch of superior maxilla and the sesamoid cartilages.
Integument of margin of nostril.
Facial.
frontalis
frŏn-tā′lĭs
Anterior portion of occipitofrontalis muscle, elevates skin of forehead and eyebrows.
Epicranial aponeurosis.
Skin of forehead and eyebrows.
Facial nerve (CN VII).
levator anguli oris
lē-vā′tor ăng′ū-līō′rĭs
Elevates angle of mouth.
Canine fossa of maxilla.
Angle of mouth and orbicularis oris.
Facial.
levator labii superioris
lē-vā′tor lā′bĭ-īsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs
Elevates and extends upper lip.
Lower margin of orbit, malar bone.
Upper lip.
Infraorbital branch of facial.
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
lē-vā′tor lā′bĭ-īsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs ā-lē′kwĕnā′sī
Elevates upper lip, dilates nostril.
Nasal process of maxilla.
Cartilage of ala of nose and upper lip.
Infraorbital branch of facial.
levator palpebrae superioris
lē-vā′tor păl′pē-brēsū-pē″rē-ō′rĭs
Raises upper eyelid.
Lesser wing of the sphenoid bone.
Upper tarsal cartilage.
Oculomotor.
masseter
mă-sě′tĕr
Raises mandible.
Zygomatic arch and malar process of superior maxilla.
Angle of ramus and coronoid process of mandible.
Mandibular division of trigeminal.
mentalis
mĕn-tā′lĭs
Elevates and protrudes lower lip, wrinkles skin of chin.
Incisive fossa of mandible.
Integument of chin.
Facial.
nasalis
nā-sā′līs
Consists of transverse and alar parts.
Depresses cartilaginous part of nose and draws the alae medially.
Maxilla.
Bridge of nose.
Buccal branches of facial.
obliquus inferior oculi
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or ŏk′ū-lī
Rotates eyeball up and out.
Orbital plate of superior maxillary bone.
Sclerotic coat at right angles to insertion of rectus externus just below it.
Oculomotor.
obliquus superior oculi
ŏb-lī′kwŭs sū-pē′rĕ-or ŏk′ū-lī
Rotates eyeball down and out.
Above optic foramen.
By a tendon through trochlea to the sclerotic coat.
Trochlear.
occipitofrontalis
ŏk-sĭp′ĭ-tō-frŏn-tā′lĭs
Consists of (1) occipitalis and (2) frontalis bellies.
(1) Draws scalp back. (2) Draws scalp forward, raises eyebrows.
(1) Occipital and temporal bones. (2) Procerus, corrugator, and orbicularisoris muscles.
Galea aponeurotica.
Facial.
orbicularis oculi
or-bĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ŏk′ū-lī
Closes eyelid, wrinkles forehead vertically, compresses lacrimal sac.
(1) (Pars lacrimalis) Lacrimal bone. (2) (Parsorbitalis) Frontal processes of maxilla and frontal bone. (3) (Parspalpebralis) Inner canthus.
(1) Joins palpebral portion. (2) Encircles orbit to orbit. (3)Outer canthus.
Facial.
orbicularis oris
or-bĭk″ū-lā′rĭs ō′rĭs
Closes lips.
Nasal septum and canine fossa of mandible by accessory fibers.
Buccinator and adjacent muscles surrounding mouth.
Facial.
procerus
prō-sē′rŭs
Draws skin of forehead down.
Bridge of nose.
Skin over root of nose.
Facial.
pterygoideus lateralis
tĕr-ĭ-goyd′ē-ŭs lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Brings jaw forward, moves jaw from side to side, opens jaws.
(1) Outer plate of pterygoid process. (2) Great wing of sphenoid and infratemporal ridge.
Neck of condyle of mandible.
Lateral pterygoid from trigeminal nerve.
pterygoideus medialis
tĕr-ĭ-goyd′ē-ŭs mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Closes jaw by raising and advancing it.
Pterygoid fossa of sphenoid bone.
Inner surface of angle of mandible.
Medial pterygoid from trigeminal nerve.
rectus externus or lateralis
rĕk′tŭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭs,lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Rotates eyeball outward.
Margin of sphenoidal fissure and outer margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Abducent.
rectus inferior
rĕk′tŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates eyeball downward.
Lower margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.
rectus internus or medialis
rĕk′tŭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭs,mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Rotates eyeball inward.
Lower margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.
rectus superior
rĕk′tŭs sū-pē′rē-or
Rotates eyeball upward.
Upper margin of optic foramen.
Sclerotic coat.
Oculomotor.
risorius
rĭ-sō′rĭ-ŭs
Draws angle of mouth outward (“laughing muscle”).
Fascia over masseter muscle.
Angle of mouth.
Facial, buccal branch.
temporalis
tĕm-pō-rā′lĭs
Closes jaws.
Temporal fossa and temporal fascia.
Coronoid process of lower jaw.
Trigeminal, mandibular division.
zygomaticus major
zī-gō-măt′ĭ-kŭs mā′jor
Draws upper lip backward, upward, and outward.
Zygomatic bone, zygomatic arch.
Angle of mouth.
Facial.
zygomaticus minor
zī-gō-măt′ĭ-kŭs mī′nor
Draws the upper lip up and out.
Zygomatic bone behind the maxillary arch.
Angle of mouth, orbicularis oris.
Facial.
EAR
antitragicus
an-tī-tră′jĭ-kŭs
Anterior part of antitragus.
Opposite side at larger auricular fissure.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.
helicis major and minor
hĕl′ĭ-sĭs mā′jor, mī′nor
Tighten the skin of auditory canal.
Tuberosity on helix.
Rim of helix.
Auriculotemporal and posterior auricular.
obliquus auriculae
ŏb-lī′kwŭs aw-rĭk′ū-lē
Concha of the ear.
Fossa of antihelix.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.
stapedius
stă-pē′dĭ-ŭs
Depresses base of the stapes.
Interior of pyramid.
Neck of stapes.
Tympanic branch of facial.
tensor tympani
tĕn′sōr tĭm′păn-ī
Draws the membrana tympani tense.
Temporal tube, eustachian tube and canal.
Handle of malleus.
Branch of mandibular through otic ganglion.
tragicus
tră′jĭ-kŭs
Outer part of tragus.
Temporal branch of facial.
transversus auriculae
trăns-vĕr′sŭs aw-rĭk′ū-lē
Retracts helix.
Cranial surface of pinna.
Circumference of pinna.
Posterior auricular branch of facial.
NECK
constrictor pharyngis inferior
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Sides of cricoid and thyroid cartilage.
Posterior raphe of pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.
constrictor pharyngis medius
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭsmē′dē-ŭs
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Both cornua of hyoid bone and stylohyoid ligament.
Middle of posterior pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.
constrictor pharyngis superior
kŏn-strĭk′tor făr-ĭn′jĭssū-pē′rē-or
Narrows pharynx, as in swallowing.
Internal pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular ligament, jaw, side of tongue.
Posterior pharyngeal wall.
Pharyngeal plexus.
digastricus
dī-găs′trĭ-kŭs
Consists of (1) anterior and (2) posterior bellies.
(1) Draws hyoid bone forward. (2) Draws hyoid bone backward.
(1) Lower border of lower jaw. (2) Mastoid groove of temporal bone.
Intermediate tendon between both bellies.
(1) Mylohyoid. (2) Facial.
genioglossus
jē-nē″ō-glŏs′ŭs
Protrudes and retracts tongue, elevates hyoid.
Inner surface of symphysis of mandible.
Hyoid and bottom of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
geniohyoideus
jē-nē″ō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
suprahyoid muscle, pulls hyoid bone upward and anteriorly, shortens floor of mouth, widens pharynx.
inferior mental spine of mandible.
body of hyoid bone.
C1 nerve fibers via hypoglossal nerve.
glossopalatinus
glŏs″ō-păl-ă-tī′nŭs
Elevates back of tongue and constricts fauces.
Undersurface of soft palate.
Side of tongue.
Pharyngeal plexus.
hyoglossus
hī″ō-glŏs′ŭs
Depresses side of tongue and retracts tongue.
Cornua and body of hyoid.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
levator veli palatini
lē-vā′tor vē′lī păl″ă-tī′nī
Elevates soft palate.
Petrous portion of temporal bone and cartilaginous eustacian tube.
Aponeurosis of soft palate.
Pharyngeal plexus.
linguae
lĭng-gwē
Elevates sides and center of tongue.
Undersurface of tongue.
Edge of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
longus capitis
lŏng′ŭs kăp′ĭ-tīs
Flexes head.
Transverse processes of 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Occipital bone, basilar process.
Branches of 1st to 3rd cervical nerves.
longus colli
lŏng′ŭs kōl′ī
Consists of three parts: (1) superior oblique, (2) inferior oblique,and (3) vertical.
Twists and bends neck forward.
(1) Transverse processes of 3rd to 5th cervical vertebrae. (2) Bodies of 1st to 3rd thoracic vertebrae. (3) Bodies of three upper thoracic and three lower cervical vertebrae.
(1) Anterior tubercle of atlas. (2) Transverse processes of 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae. (3) Bodies of 2nd to 4th cervical vertebrae.
Branches of 2nd to 7th cervical.
mylohyoideus
mī″lō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Elevates floor of mouth and hyoid, depresses jaw.
Mylohyoid line of mandible.
Body of hyoid and median raphe.
Mylohyoid.
omohyoideus
ō″mō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses hyoid.
Upper border of scapula.
Hyoid bone.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.
pars thyropharyngea musculi constrictoris pharyngis inferioris
părz thī″rō-fă-rĭn′jē-ămŭs′kū-lī kŏn-strĭk-tŏr′ĭsfă-rĭn′jĭs ĭn-fēr″ē-ŏr′ĭs
pharyngopalatinus
făr-ĭn″gō-păl-ă-tī′nŭs
Narrows fauces and shuts off nasopharynx.
Soft palate.
Thyroid cartilage and aponeurosis of the pharynx.
Pharyngeal plexus.
platysma
plă-tĭz′mă
Wrinkles skin of neck and chest, depresses jaw and lower lip.
Clavicle, acromion and fascia over deltoid, and pectoralis major.
Lower border of mandible, risorius, and opposite platysma.
Cervical branch of facial.
rectus capitis anterior
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭsăn-tē′rĭ-or
Turns and inclines the head.
Base of atlas.
Occipital bone, basilar process.
Between 1st and 2nd cervical.
rectus capitis lateralis
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭslăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Inclines head laterally and supports it.
Transverse process of atlas.
Jugular process of occipital bone.
Between 1st and 2nd cervical nerves.
salpingopharyngeus
săl-pĭn″gō-făr-ĭn′jē-ŭs
Elevates nasopharynx.
Eustachian tube close to nasopharynx.
Posterior portion of the pharyngopalatinus.
Pharyngeal plexus.
scalenus anterior
skā-lē′nŭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Elevates 1st rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 3rd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Tubercle of 1st rib.
Cervical plexus.
scalenus medius
skā-lē′nŭs mē′dē-ŭs
Elevates 1st rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 2nd to 6th cervical vertebrae.
First rib.
Cervical plexus.
scalenus posterior
skā-lē′nŭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Elevates 2nd rib and flexes neck.
Transverse processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Second rib.
Cervical and brachial plexus.
sternocleidomastoideus
stĕr″nō-klī-dō-măs-toyd′ē-ŭs
Rotates and laterally flexes neck.
By two heads, from sternum and clavicle.
Mastoid process and outer part of superior curved line of occipital bone.
Spinal accessory.
sternohyoideus
stĕr″nō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses hyoid bone.
Manubrium sterni and 1st costal cartilage.
Body of hyoid bone.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.
sternothyroideus
stĕr″nō-thī-rě-oyd′ē-ŭs
Depresses thyroid cartilage.
Sternum and 1st costal cartilage.
Side of thyroid cartilage.
Upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi.
styloglossus
stī″lō-glŏs′ŭs
Retracts and elevates tongue.
Styloid process.
Side of tongue.
Hypoglossal.
stylohyoideus
stī″lō-hī-oyd′ē-ŭs
Elevates hyoid, drawing it up and back.
Styloid process.
Body of hyoid bone.
Facial.
stylopharyngeus
stī″lō-făr-ĭn′jē-ŭs
Elevates and dilates pharynx.
Styloid process.
Thyroid cartilage and side of pharynx.
Glossopharyngeal.
tensor veli palatini
tĕn′sōr vē′lī păl″ă-tī′nī
Stretches soft palate.
Spine of sphenoid, scaphoid fossa of internal pterygoid process and eustachian tube.
Posterior border of hard palate and aponeurosis of soft palate.
Otic ganglion, trigeminal nerve.
thyrohyoideus
thī-rō-hī-oyd′ě-ŭs
Depresses hyoid bone; elevates thyroid cartilage if hyoid bone is fixed.
Side of thyroid cartilage.
Cornu and body of hyoid bone.
Hypoglossal.
thyropharyngeus
thī-rō-fă-rĭn′jē-ŭs
Narrows inferior pharynx during swallowing.
Inferior cornu and oblique line of thyroid cartilage.
Median raphe of posterior wall of pharynx.
Laryngeal branches of vagus nerve (CN X).pars thyropharyngea musculi constrictorispharyngis inferioris.
uvulae
ū′vū-lē
Elevates the uvula.
Posterior nasal spine.
Forms large part of uvula.
Pharyngeal plexus.
LARYNX
aryepiglotticus
ăr″ē-ĕp″ĭ-glŏt′ĭk-ŭs
Closes glottic opening.
Arytenoid cartilage.
Epiglottis.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
arytenoideus
ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭs
Consists of (1) arytenoideus obliquus and (2) arytenoideus transversus.
Closes glottic opening.
Arytenoid cartilage.
(1) Aryepiglottic fold. (2) Crosses between the two cartilages of the obliquus portion.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
cricoarytenoideus lateralis
krī″kō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭslăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Narrows glottis.
Upper border of arch of cricoid cartilage.
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
cricoarytenoideus posterior
krī″kō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭspŏs-tē′rē-or
Opens glottis.
Back of cricoid cartilage.
Muscular process of arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
cricothyroideus
krī″kō-thī-royd′ē-ŭs
Tightens vocal cords.
Anterior surface of cricoid cartilage.
Thyroid cartilage.
Laryngeal, superior.
thyroarytenoideus
thī″rō-ăr″ē-tē-noyd′ē-ŭs
Relaxes vocal cords.
Thyroid cartilage.
Arytenoid cartilage.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
thyroepiglotticus
thī″rō-ĕp″ĭ-glŏt′ĭk-ŭs
Depresses epiglottis.
Thyroid cartilage.
Epiglottis and sacculus laryngis.
Laryngeal, recurrent.
vocalis
vō-kā′lĭs
Thin muscle fibers along the medial edge of the thyroarytenoid muscle, relaxes posterior vocal ligament, tenses anterior vocal ligament.
Vocal process of arytenoid cartilage.
Vocal ligament.
Recurrent laryngeal branch of vagus nerve (CN X).
BACK
iliocostalis cervicis
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭssĕr′vī-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Angles of 3rd to 6th ribs.
Transverse processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae.
Cervical plexus.
iliocostalis lumborum
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭslŭm-bō′rŭm
Extends lumbar spine.
With sacrospinalis.
In angles of 5th to 12th ribs.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.
iliocostalis thoracis
ĭl″ē-ō-kŏs-tă′lĭsthō-ră′sĭs
Keeps dorsal spine erect.
Angles of 12th to 7th ribs.
Sixth to 1st ribs and 7th cervical vertebra.
Branches of thoracic nerves.
interspinales
ĭn-tĕr-spī-nă′lēz
A series.
Supports and extends vertebral column.
Undersurface of spine of one vertebra.
Spine of vertebra above.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.
intertransversarii
ĭn-tĕr-trăns-vĕr-sā′rĭ-ī
Flexes vertebral column.
Between transverse processes of contiguous vertebrae.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.
latissimus dorsi
lă-tĭs′ĭ-mŭs dŏr′sī
Adducts, extends, and rotates arm.
Lower thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, sacrum, and tip of iliac crest.
Intertubercular groove of humerus.
Brachial plexus.
levator scapulae
lĕ-vā′tor skăp′ū-lĕ
Elevates posterior angle of scapula.
Transverse process of four upper cervical vertebrae.
Superior edge of scapula.
Dorsal scapular from 5th cervical and branches of 3rd and 4thcervical.
longissimus capitis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Keeps head erect, draws it backward or to one side.
Upper thoracic and lower and middle cervical vertebrae.
Mastoid process.
Cervical plexus.
longissimus cervicis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Upper thoracic vertebrae.
Ribs and upper lumbar and thoracic vertebrae.
Cervical plexus and upper thoracic nerves.
longissimus thoracis
lŏn-jĭs′ĭ-mŭs thō-ră′sĭs
Extends spinal column.
Transverse processes of lumbar and dorsal vertebrae.
Lowest ribs and lumbar and dorsal vertebrae.
Lumbar and thoracic nerves.
multifidus
mŭl-tīf′ĭ-dŭs
Rotates spinal column.
Sacrum, iliac spine, lumbar, cervical, and dorsal vertebrae.
Laminae and spinous processes of next four vertebrae above.
Thoracic and lumbar nerves.
obliquus capitis inferior
ŏb-lī′kwŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates head.
Spine of axis.
Transverse process of atlas.
Suboccipital.
obliquus capitis superior
ŏb-lī′kwŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭssū-pē′rē-or
Rotates head.
Transverse process of axis.
Occipital bone.
Suboccipital.
rectus capitis posterior major
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭspŏs-tē′rē-or mā′jor
Rotates and draws head backward.
Spine of axis.
Inferior curved line of occipital bone.
Suboccipital.
rectus capitis posterior minor
rĕk′tŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭspŏs-tē′rē-or mī′nor
Rotates and draws head backward.
Posterior tubercle of atlas.
Inferior curved line of occipital bone.
Suboccipital.
rhomboideus major
rŏm-boy′dē-ŭs mā′jor
Retracts, elevates, and downwardly rotates scapula.
Spinous processes of 2nd to 5th thoracic vertebrae.
Vertebral border of scapula below spine.
Dorsal scapular from brachial plexus.
rhomboideus minor
rŏm-boy′dē-ŭs mī′nor
Retracts and elevates scapula.
Spinous processes of 7th cervical vertebra and 1st thoracic vertebra.
Border of scapula above spine.
Dorsal scapular from brachial plexus.
rotatores
rō-tā-tō′rēz
Extends and rotates the vertebral column.
Transverse processes of 2nd to 12th dorsal vertebrae.
Lamina of next vertebra above.
Branches of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.
sacrospinalis
să″krō-spī-nā′lĭs
Extends vertebral column.
Sacrum, lumbar vertebrae, iliac crest.
Iliocostalis and longissimus thoracis.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.
semispinalis capitis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭskăp′ĭ-tĭs
Rotates and draws head backward.
Transverse processes of upper six or seven thoracic and lower four cervical vertebrae.
Occipital bone, between inferior and superior curved line.
Branches of cervical nerves.
semispinalis cervicis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭssĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends the vertebral column and rotates it toward the opposite side.
Transverse processes of upper five or six thoracic vertebrae.
Spines from axis to 5th cervical vertebra.
Branches of cervical nerves.
semispinalis thoracis
sĕm″ē-spī-nā′lĭsthō-ră′sĭs
Extends the vertebral column and rotates it toward the opposite side.
Transverse processes of 6th to 10th thoracic vertebrae.
Spines of upper four thoracic and lower two cervical vertebrae.
Branches of thoracic nerves.
serratus posterior inferior
sĕr-ā′tŭs pŏs-tē′rē-or ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Draws ribs back and downward.
Spines of lower two thoracic and upper two lumbar vertebrae.
Lower four ribs.
Branches of 9th to 12th thoracic nerves.
serratus posterior superior
sĕr-ā′tŭs pŏs-tē′rē-orsū-pē′rē-or
Elevates the ribs.
Spines of 7th cervical and two upper thoracic vertebrae.
Angles of 2nd to 5th ribs.
Branches of thoracic nerves.
spinalis capitis
spī-nā′lĭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Inconstant; from spines of upper dorsal and lower cervical vertebrae.
Blends with the semispinalis capitis.
spinalis cervicis
spī-nā′lĭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Extends cervical spine.
Spines of 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical vertebrae.
Axis and, occasionally, the two vertebrae below.
Branches of cervical nerves.
spinalis thoracis
spī-nā′lĭs thō-ră′sĭs
Erects spinal column.
Spines of first two lumbar and last two thoracic vertebrae.
Spines of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae.
Branches of thoracic and lumbar nerves.
splenius capitis
splē′nē-ŭs kăp′ĭ-tĭs
Rotates and extends head.
Ligamentum nuchae, 7th cervical and first three thoracic vertebrae.
Mastoid process and superior curved line of occiput.
Branches of cervical nerves.
splenius cervicis
splē′nē-ŭs sĕr′vĭ-sĭs
Rotates and flexes head and neck.
Spines of 3rd to 6th thoracic vertebrae.
Transverse processes of 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae.
Branches of cervical nerves.
suspensorius duodeni
sŭs-pĕn-sō′rē-ŭs doo″ō-dē′nē
Acts as a suspensory ligament. Wide, flat band of smooth muscle attached to the left crus of diaphragm and continuous with the muscular layer of the duodenum at its junction with the jejunum.
Celiac plexus.
trapezius
tră-pē′zē-ŭs
Extends head, raises and rotates scapula.
Superior curved line of occipital, spinous processes of 7th cervical and all thoracic vertebrae.
Clavicle, acromion, base of spine of scapula.
Spinal accessory and cervical plexus.
ABDOMEN
cremaster
krē-măs′tĕr
Raises testicle.
Midportion of inguinal ligament.
Cremasteric fascia and pubic bone.
Genitofemoral.
obliquus externus abdominis
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭsăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Contracts abdomen and viscera.
Lower eight ribs.
Iliac crest, Poupart's ligament, linea alba, pubic crest.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and branches of intercostal.
obliquus internus abdominis
ŏb-lī′kwŭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭsăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses viscera, flexes thorax forward.
Iliac crest, inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia.
Few lowest ribs, linea alba, pubic crest.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and branches of intercostal.
pyramidalis
pĭ-răm″ĭ-dă′lĭs
Tightens linea alba.
Pubic crest.
Linea alba.
Branch of 12th thoracic.
quadratus lumborum
kwăd-rā′tŭs lŭm-bō′rŭm
Flexes trunk laterally and assists lumbar vertebral extension.
Iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament, lower lumbar vertebrae.
Twelfth rib and the upper lumbar vertebrae.
Branches of 1st lumbar and 12th thoracic.
rectus abdominis
rĕk′tŭs ăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses or flattens abdomen.
Pubis.
Cartilage of 5th to 7th ribs.
Branches of 7th to 12th intercostal.
transversus abdominis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs ăb-dŏm′ĭ-nĭs
Compresses abdomen, flexes thorax.
Lumbar fascia, 7th to 12th costal cartilages, inguinal ligament, iliaccrest.
Xiphoid cartilage, linea alba, pubic crest, and iliopectineal line.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, branches of intercostal.
PERINEUM
bulbospongiosus
bŭl″bō-spŏn″jē-ō′sŭs
Constricts bulbous urethra in male; constricts urethra in female.
Central point of perineum and medial raphe.
Undersurface of bulb, spongy and cavernous part of penis; rootof clitoris.
Perineal branch of pudendal.
coccygeus
kŏk-sĭj′ē-ŭs
Supports coccyx, closes pelvic outlet.
Ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament.
Coccyx and lowest portion of sacrum.
Third and 4th sacral.
corrugator cutis ani
kōr′ū-gā′tōr kū′tĭsā′nī
Wrinkles skin of anus.
Submucous tissue, interior of anus.
Subcutaneous tissue on opposite side of anus.
Sympathetic.
depressor urethrae
dē-prĕs′or ū-rē′thrē
Depresses urethra.
Ramus of ischium near the transversus perinei profundus.
Fibers of constrictor vaginae.
ischiocavernosus
ĭs″kē-ō-kă″vĕr-nō′sŭs
Maintains erection of penis or clitoris.
Tuberosity of ischium and great sacrosciatic ligament.
Corpora cavernosa of clitoris or penis.
Perineal branch of pudendal.
levator ani
lē-vā′tor ā′nī
Supports rectum and pelvic floor, aids in defecation.
Pubis, pelvic fascia, ischial spine.
Rectum, coccyx, and fibrous raphe of perineum.
Sacral and perineal.
sphincter ani externus
sfĭngk′tĕr ā′nī ĕks-tĕr′nŭs
Closes anus.
Ring of fibers surrounding anus.
Coccyx and central point of perineum.
Hemorrhoidal branch of pudendal.
sphincter ani internus
sfĭngk′tĕr ā′nī ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Contracts rectum and anus, but not voluntarily.
Muscular ring of rectal fibers above canal.
sphincter urethrae membranaceae
sfĭngk′tĕr ū-rē′thrēmĕm-bră-nā′sē-ē
Constricts membranous urethra.
Ramus of pubis.
Behind and in front of urethra.
Perineal branch of pudendal.
sphincter vesicae
sfĭngk′tĕr vĕs′ĭ-kē
Shuts off internal orifice of urethra.
Near urethral orifice of bladder.
Sacral and hypogastric.
transversus perinei profundus
trăns-vĕr′sŭs pĕr-ĭ-nē′īprō-fŭn′dŭs
Assists compressor urethrae.
Ramus of ischium.
Central tendon.
Perineal branch of pudendal.
transversus perinei superficialis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs pĕr-ĭ-nē′īsoo″pĕr-fĭsh-ē-ā′lĭs
Tenses central tendon.
Ramus of ischium.
Central point of perineum.
Perineal branch of pudendal.
THORAX
diaphragma
dī″ă-frăg′mă
Increases chest capacity and decreases pressure within the thoracic cavity.
Ensiform cartilage, 7th to 12th ribs, arcuate ligaments, and lumbar vertebrae.
Central tendon.
Phrenic.
intercostalis externus
ĭn″tĕr-kŏs-tă′lĭs ĕks-tĕr′nŭs
Draws ribs together and raises ribs.
Lower border of rib.
Upper border of rib below.
Intercostal.
intercostalis internus
ĭn″tĕr-kŏs-tă′lĭs ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Draws ribs together and lowers ribs.
Lower border of rib.
Upper border of rib below.
Intercostal.
levatores costarum
lē-vā-tō′rez kŏs-tā′rŭm
Raises ribs, flexes vertebral column.
Transverse process of 7th cervical and upper 11 thoracic vertebrae.
Rib next below.
Branches of intercostal.
subcostales
sŭb-kŏs-tā′lēz
Draws ribs together and lowers ribs.
Inconstant; inner surface of the ribs.
Inner surface of one of the ribs just below.
Intercostal.
transversus thoracis
trăns-vĕr′sŭs thō-ră′sĭs
Narrows the chest.
Xiphoid cartilage and sternum.
Costal cartilages, 2nd to 6th ribs.
Branches of intercostal.
SHOULDER
deltoideus
dĕl-toy′dē-ŭs
Raises and rotates arm.
Clavicle, acromion process, and spine of scapula.
Shaft of humerus.
Axillary (circumflex) from brachial plexus.
infraspinatus
ĭn″fră-spī-nā′tŭs
Rotates arm back and out.
Infraspinous fossa of scapula.
Great tuberosity of humerus.
Suprascapular from brachial plexus.
pectoralis major
pĕk″tō-ră′lĭs mā′jor
Flexes, adducts, and rotates arm.
Sternum, clavicle, and cartilages of 1st to 6th ribs.
Bicipital ridge of humerus.
Pectoral from brachial plexus.
pectoralis minor
pĕk″tō-ră′lĭs mī′nor
Draws down scapula and point to shoulder, raises ribs.
Third to 5th ribs.
Coracoid process of scapula.
Pectoral from brachial plexus.
serratus anterior
sĕr-ā′tŭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Elevates ribs, rotates scapula.
Upper eight or nine ribs.
Angles and vertebral border of scapula.
Long thoracic from brachial plexus.
subclavius
sŭb-klā′vē-ŭs
Draws clavicle down and forward or elevates the 1st rib.
First rib and cartilage.
Undersurface of clavicle.
Branches of 5th and 6th cervical.
subscapularis
sŭb-skăp-ū-lă′rĭs
Rotates humerus inward and lowers it.
Subscapular fossa.
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
Subscapular.
supraspinatus
soo″pră-spī-nā′tŭs
Abducts and raises arm.
Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
Greater tubercle of humerus.
Branches of suprascapular.
teres major
tĕ′rēz mā′jor
Inwardly rotates, adducts, and extends arm.
Axillary border of scapula.
Lesser tubercle of humerus.
Branch of lower subscapular.
teres minor
tĕ′rēz mī′nor
Rotates arm outward.
Axillary border of scapula.
Greater tubercle of humerus.
Branch of axillary (circumflex).
ARM AND FOREARM
anconeus
ăn-kō′nē-ŭs
Extends forearm.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Olecranon and posterior surface of ulna.
Branch of radial.
biceps brachii
bī′sĕps brā′kē-ī
Flexes arm and forearm and supinates forearm.
(1) Short head from coracoid process. (2) Long head from the supraglenoid tuberosity at the margin of the glenoid cavity.
Bicipital tuberosity of radius.
Musculocutaneous.
brachialis
brā″kē-ăl′ĭs
Flexes forearm.
Lower half of anterior surface of humerus.
Coronoid process of ulna.
Musculocutaneous and radial.
brachioradialis
brā″kē-ō-rā″dē-ă′lĭs
Flexes and supinates forearm.
Supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Styloid process of radius.
Branch of radial.supinator longus
coracobrachialis
kor″ă-kō-brā″kē-ăl′ĭs
Raises and adducts arm.
Coracoid process of scapula.
Middle of inner border of humerus.
Musculocutaneous.
extensor carpi radialis brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Extends and abducts wrist.
External condyloid ridge of humerus.
Base of 3rd metacarpal.
Branch of radial.
extensor carpi radialis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends and abducts wrist.
External condyloid ridge of humerus.
Base of 2nd metacarpal.
Branch of radial.
extensor carpi ulnaris
ĕks-tĕn′sōr kar′pī ŭl-nā′rĭs
Extends and adducts hand and wrist.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Base of 5th metacarpal.
Branch of radial.
extensor digiti minimi
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj′ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭm-ī
Extends little finger.
External epicondyle of humerus.
Dorsum of 1st phalanx of little finger.
Branch of radial.
extensor digitorum communis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmkŏm-mū′nĭs
Extends fingers and wrist.
External epicondyle of humerus.
Second and 3rd phalanges.
Branch of radial.
extensor indicis proprius
ĕks-tĕn′sōr ĭn′dĭ-sĭsprō′prē-ŭs
Extends index finger.
Dorsal surface of ulna and interosseous membrane.
First tendon of extensor digitorum communis.
Branch of radial.
extensor pollicis brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Extends thumb and abducts 1st metacarpal.
Dorsal surface of radius.
Base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of radial.
extensor pollicis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends terminal phalanx of thumb and abducts hand.
Dorsal surface of ulna.
Base of 2nd phalanx of thumb.
Branch of radial.
flexor carpi radialis
flĕks′or kar′pī rā″dē-ā′lĭs
Flexes and abducts wrist.
Medial epicondyle of humerus.
Base of 2nd metacarpal.
Branch of median.
flexor carpi ulnaris
flĕks′or kar′pī ŭl-nā′rĭs
Consists of (1) humeral head and (2) ulnar head.
Flexes and adducts wrist.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Olecranon process and posterior border of ulna.
Pisiform bone and 5th metacarpal.
Branch of ulnar.
flexor digitorum profundus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmprō-fŭn′dŭs
Flexes the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers.
Upper three fourths of shaft of ulna.
Terminal phalanges of fingers.
Branch of ulnar and branch of median.
flexor digitorum sublimis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmsŭb-lī′mĭsflexor digitorum superficialis
flexor digitorum superficialis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmsoo″pĕr-fĭsh-ē-ā′lĭs
Consists of three heads: (1) humeral, (2) ulnar, and (3) radial.
Flexes the middle and proximal phalanges, carpal flexion of hand.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Medial side of coronoid process.(3) Outer border of radius.
Second phalanx of each finger.
Branches of median.flexor digitorum sublimis
flexor pollicis longus
flĕks′or pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Flexes thumb.
Anterior surface of middle third of radius.
Terminal phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median.
palmaris longus
păl-mār′ĭs lŏng′ŭs
Tightens palmar fascia, flexes wrist.
Medial epicondyle of humerus.
Transverse carpal ligament and palmar fascia.
Branch of median.
pronator quadratus
prō-nā′tor kwăd-rā′tŭs
Pronates forearm.
Lower fourth of ulna.
Lower fourth of radius.
Volar interosseous.
pronator teres
prō-nā′tor tĕ′rēz
Consists of (1) humeral head and (2) ulnar head.
Pronates hand.
(1) Medial epicondyle of humerus. (2) Coronoid process of ulna.
Lateral surface of shaft of radius.
Branch of median.
supinator
soo″pĭ-nā′tor
Supinates forearm.
Lateral epicondyle of humerus, oblique line of ulna, elbow joint.
Outer surface of radius.
Branch of radial.
supinator longus
soo″pĭ-nā′tor lŏng′ŭsbrachioradialis
triceps brachii
trī′sĕps brā′kē-ī
Consists of three heads: (1) long, (2) lateral, and (3) medial.
Extends forearm and arm.
(1) Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. (2) Posterior surface of humerusbelow great tubercle. (3) Humerus below radial groove.
Olecranon process of ulna.
Branches of radial.
HAND
abductor digiti minimi manus
ăb-dŭk′tŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī mă′nŭs
Abducts little finger.
Pisiform bone and ligaments.
Inner side of 1st phalanx of little finger.
Ulnar, palmar branch.
abductor pollicis brevis
ăb-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Abducts thumb.
Ridge of trapezius and transverse carpal ligament.
Outer side of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median.
abductor pollicis longus
ăb-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭslŏng′ŭs
Abducts and assists in extending thumb.
Posterior surface of radius and ulna.
Outer side of base of 1st metacarpal.
Branch of radial.
adductor pollicis
ăd-dŭk′tor pŏl′ĭ-sĭs
Adducts thumb.
Third metacarpal bone.
Inner side of base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Ulnar.
extensor indicis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr ĭn′dĭ-sĭs
Extends 2nd digit, aids extension of hand.
Posterior surface of ulna and interosseus membrane.
Extensor expansion of 2nd digit.
Posterior interosseus branch of radial nerve (C7-C8).
flexor digiti minimi brevis manus
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī brĕ′vĭs mă′nŭs
Intrinsic hand muscle, flexes 5th digit.
Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
Medial edge of proximal phalanx of 5th digit.
Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).
flexor digiti quinti brevis manus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tī kwĭn′tībrĕ′vĭs mă′nŭs
Flexes 1st phalanx of little finger.
Unciform bone.
First phalanx of little finger.
Branch of ulnar.
flexor pollicis brevis
flĕks′or pŏl′ĭ-sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Flexes 1st phalanx of thumb.
Transverse carpal ligament, metacarpal bone.
Base of 1st phalanx of thumb.
Branch of median and ulnar.
interossei dorsales manus
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īdōr-sā′lēz mă′nŭs
Four.
Abducts and adducts fingers.
Sides of metacarpal bones.
First phalanges.
Branch of ulnar.
interossei volares
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īvō-lā′rēz
Three.
Adducts index finger, abducts ring and little fingers.
Metacarpal bones laterally.
Ulnar side of index finger, and radial sides of ring and little fingers.
Branch of ulnar.
lumbricales manus
lŭm-brĭ-kā′lēz mă′nŭs
Four.
Flexes 1st and extends 2nd and 3rd phalanges.
Tendon of flexor digitorum profundus.
First phalanx and extensor tendon.
Median and ulnar.
opponens digiti minimi
ŏp-pō′nĕns dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī
Intrinsic hand muscle, pulls 5th metacarpal toward thumb to allow 5th digit to oppose thumb.
Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum.
Medial edge of 5th metacarpal.
Ulnar nerve (C8-T1).
opponens digiti quinti
ŏp-pō′nĕns dĭj-ĭ-tīkwĭn′tī
Flexes and adducts little finger.
Unciform bone, transverse carpal ligament.
Fifth metacarpal bone.
Branch of ulnar.
opponens pollicis
ŏp-pō′nĕns pŏl′ĭ-sĭs
Flexes and adducts thumb.
Trapezium and transverse carpal ligament.
First metacarpal bone.
Median.
palmaris brevis
păl-mā′rĭs brĕ′vĭs
Wrinkles skin on inner side of hand.
Central portion of palmar aponeurosis and transverse carpal ligament.
Skin of ulnar side of hand.
Branch of ulnar.
HIP AND THIGH
adductor brevis
ăd-dŭk′tor brĕ′vĭs
Flexes, adducts, and tends to rotate thigh medially.
Ramus of pubis.
Upper portion of linea aspera of femur.
Branch of obturator.
adductor longus
ăd-dŭk′tor lŏng′ŭs
Adducts, flexes, and tends to rotate thigh medially.
Pubic crest and symphysis.
Middle of linea aspera of femur.
Branch of obturator.
adductor magnus
ăd-dŭk′tor măg′nŭs
Adducts thigh and rotates it outward.
Ramus of ischium and pubis.
Linea aspera of femur and medial condyle.
Branch of sciatic and obturator.
articularis genus
ăr-tĭk″ū-lā′rĭsjē′nŭs
Elevates capsule of knee joint.
Lower quarter of anterior surface of femoral shaft.
Synovial membrane of knee joint.
Branch of femoral.
biceps femoris
bī′sĕps fĕm′ō-rĭs
Flexes knee and rotates it outward.
(1) Short head from linea aspera. (2) Long head from ischial tuberosity.
Head of fibula; lateral condyle of tibia.
(1) Peroneal and (2) tibial portions of sciatic.
gemellus inferior
jĕ-mĕl′ŭs ĭn-fē′rĭ-or
Rotates thigh outward.
Ischial tuberosity.
Medial surface of greater trochanter.
Sacral.
gemellus superior
jĕ-mĕl′ŭs sū-pē′rē-or
Rotates thigh outward.
Spine of ischium.
Medial surface of greater trochanter.
Sacral plexus.
gluteus maximus
gloo′tē-ŭs măk′sē-mŭs
Extends and rotates thigh.
Superior curved iliac line and crest, coccyx, and sacrum.
Fascia lata and femur below greater trochanter.
Inferior gluteal.
gluteus medius
gloo′tē-ŭs mē′dē-ŭs
Abducts and rotates thigh.
Lateral surface of ilium.
Greater trochanter.
Branches of superior gluteal.
gluteus minimus
gloo′tē-ŭs mĭn′ĭ-mŭs
Abducts and extends thigh.
Lateral surface of ilium.
Greater trochanter.
Branch of superior gluteal.
gracilis
grăs′ĭ-lĭs
Flexes and adducts leg, adducts thigh.
Symphysis pubis and pubic arch.
Medial surface of shaft of tibia.
Branch of obturator.
iliacus
ĭ-lī′ă-kŭs
Flexes and rotates thigh.
Margin of iliac fossa.
Lesser trochanter.
Branches of femoral.
obturator internus
ŏb′tū-rā″tor ĭn-tĕr′nŭs
Rotates thigh outward.
Pubes, ischium, obturator foramen.
Inner surface of greater trochanter.
Branch of obturator.
pectineus
pĕk-tĭn′ē-ŭs
Flexes and adducts thigh.
Pubic spine, iliopectineal line.
Pectineal line of femur.
Branch of obturator and femoral.
piriformis
pĭ-rĭ-for′mĭs
Abducts and rotates thigh outward.
Margins of anterior sacral foramina and sacrosciatic notch of ilium.
Upper margin of greater trochanter.
Branch of sacral.
psoas major
sō′ăs mā′jor
Flexes thigh, adducts and rotates it medially.
Last thoracic and all of the lumbar vertebrae.
Lesser trochanter of femur.
Lumbar plexus.
psoas minor
sō′ăs mī′nor
Tenses iliac fascia.
Twelfth thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae.
Iliac fascia and iliopectineal tuberosity.
Branch of lumbar.
quadratus femoris
kwăd-rā′tŭs fĕm′ō-rĭs
Rotates thigh outward.
Ischial tuberosity.
Intertrochanteric ridge.
Sciatic.
quadriceps femoris
kwăd′rĭ-sĕps fĕm′ō-rĭs
Extends leg.
By four heads: rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, and vastus intermedius.
Patella and tibial tuberosity.
Branches of femoral.
rectus femoris
rĕk′tŭs fĕm′ō-rĭs
Extends leg and assists flexion of thigh.
Iliac spine, upper margin of acetabulum.
Base of patella.
Femoral.
sartorius
săr-tō′rĕ-ŭs
Flexes and rotates thigh and leg.
Anterior superior iliac spine.
Tibial tuberosity.
Branches of femoral.
semimembranosus
sĕm″ē-mĕm″brăn-ō′sŭs
Flexes and rotates leg, extends thigh.
Ischial tuberosity.
Medial condyle of tibia.
Tibial portion of sciatic.
semitendinosus
sĕm″ē-tĕn″dĭn-ō′sŭs
Flexes and rotates leg, extends thigh.
Ischial tuberosity.
Shaft of tibia below internal tuberosity.
Tibial portion of sciatic.
tensor fasciae latae
tĕn′sōr făsh′ē-ēlā′tē
Flexes and rotates thigh.
Iliac crest, iliac spine, fascia lata.
Iliotibial band of fascia lata.
Branch of superior gluteal.
vastus intermedius
văs′tŭs ĭn″tĕr-mē′dē-ŭs
Upper part of anterior surface of shaft of femur.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.
vastus lateralis
văs′tŭs lăt″ĕr-ā′lĭs
Extends knee.
Linea aspera to greater trochanter.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.
vastus medialis
văs′tŭs mē-dĭ-ā′lĭs
Extends leg, draws patella in.
Linea aspera of femur.
Common tendon of quadriceps femoris.
Branches of femoral.
LEG
extensor digitorum longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmlŏng′ŭs
Extends toes, dorsiflexes foot.
External tuberosity of tibia; body of fibula.
Second and 3rd phalanges of toes.
Branches of peroneal.
extensor hallucis longus
ĕks-tĕn′sōr hăl-oo′sĭslŏng′ŭs
Extends great toe, flexes foot.
Front of fibula and interosseous membrane.
Terminal phalanx of great toe.
Branch of peroneal.
fibularis tertius
fĭb-ū-lăr′ĭs tĕr′shŭs
Dorsiflexes ankle, aids eversion of foot.
Lower anterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane.
Dorsal surface of base of 5th metatarsal.
Deep branch of fibular nerve (L5-S1).
flexor digitorum longus
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmlŏng′ŭs
Flexes the toes.
Posterior surface of tibia.
Terminal phalanges of lesser toes.
Branch of tibial.
flexor hallucis longus
flĕks′or hăl-oo′sĭs lŏng′ŭs
Flexes phalanges, primarily the distal phalanges, and plantar flexes the foot.
Lower portion of shaft of fibula.
Distal phalanx of great toe.
Posterior tibial.
gastrocnemius
găs″trŏk-nē′mē-ŭs
Plantar flexes foot and flexes knee.
External and internal femoral condyles.
By tendo calcaneus into os calcis.
Branches of tibial.
peroneus brevis
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs brĕ′vĭs
Extends and abducts foot.
Midportion of shaft of fibula.
Base of 5th metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.
peroneus longus
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs lŏng′ŭs
Extends, abducts, and everts foot.
Upper fibula and external condyle of tibia.
By tendon to internal cuneiform and 1st metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.
peroneus tertius
pĕr-ō-nē′ŭs tĕr′shē-ŭs
Flexes foot.
Lower part of fibula.
Fifth metatarsal bone.
Branch of peroneal.
plantaris
plăn-tăr′ĭs
Extends foot.
External supracondyloid ridge of femur.
Inner border of tendo calcaneus.
Branch of tibial.
popliteus
pŏp-lĭt′ē-ŭs
Flexes leg and rotates it inward.
External condyle of femur.
Posterior surface of tibia.
Branch of tibial.
soleus
sō′lē-ŭs
Plantar flexes foot.
Upper shaft of fibula, oblique line of tibia.
By tendo calcaneus to os calcis.
Tibial.
tibialis anterior
tĭb″ē-ā′lĭs ăn-tē′rĭ-or
Dorsiflexes foot and increases the arch in the takeoff of walking.
Upper tibia, interosseus membrane, and intermuscular septum.
Internal cuneiform and 1st metatarsal.
Branch of peroneal.
tibialis posterior
tĭb″ē-ā′lĭs pŏs-tē′rē-or
Plantar flexes foot.
Shaft of fibula and tibia.
Tuberosity of scaphoid, 2nd to 4th metatarsal, internal cuneiform.
Branch of tibial.
FOOT
abductor digiti minimi pedis
ăb-dŭk′tor dĭj-ĭ-tīmīn′ĭ-mī pē′dĭs
Abducts little toe.
Outer tuberosity of calcaneus, plantar fascia, and intermuscular septum.
External side of 1st phalanx of little toe.
Lateral plantar.
abductor hallucis
ăb-dŭk′tor hăl-oo′sĭs
Abducts great toe.
Inner tuberosity of os calcis, plantar fascia.
Inner side, 1st phalanx of great toe.
Medial plantar.
adductor hallucis
ăd-dŭk′tor hăl-oo′sĭs
Adducts great toe.
Tarsal terminations of the three middle metatarsal bones.
Lateral side of base of 1st phalanx of great toe.
Branch of lateral plantar.
extensor digitorum brevis
ĕks-tĕn′sōr dĭj-ĭ-tō′rŭmbrĕ′vĭs
Extends toes.
Dorsal surface of os calcis.
To 1st phalanx of great toe and the tendons of extensor digitorumlongus.
Branch of peroneal.
flexor accessorius
flĕks′or ăk-sĕ-sō′rē-ŭsquadratus plantae
flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tīmĭn′ĭ-mī brĕ′vĭs pĕ′dĭs
Intrinsic foot muscle, flexes 5th digit.
Base of 5th metatarsal.
Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit of foot.
Lateral plantar branch of tibial nerve (S2-S3).
flexor digiti quinti brevis pedis
flĕks′or dĭj-ĭ-tī kwĭn′tībrĕ′vĭs pē′dĭs
Flexes the little toe.
Base of metatarsal of little toe and sheath of peroneus longus.
Outer side of base of 1st phalanx of little toe.
External plantar.
flexor digitorum brevis
flĕks′ŏr dĭj-ĭ-tōr′ŭmbrĕ′vĭs
Flexes toe.
Os calcis and plantar fascia.
Second phalanges of lesser toes.
Internal plantar.
flexor hallucis brevis
flĕks′ŏr hăl-oo′sĭsbrĕ′vĭs
Intrinsic foot muscle, flexes 1st digit.
Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones.
Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit.
Medial plantar branch of tibial nerve (S2-S3).
flexor hallucis longus
flĕks′ŏr hăl-oo′sĭslŏng′ŭs
Flexes 1st digit of foot, aids plantar flexion of foot, supports medial arch of foot.
Lower posterior surface of fibula and interosseus membrane.
Base of distal phalanx of 1st digit.
Tibial nerve (S2-S3).
interossei dorsales pedis
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īdōr-sā′lēz pē′dĭs
Four.
Adducts 2nd toe, abducts 2nd, 3rd, and 4th toes.
Shafts of adjacent metatarsal bones.
First phalanges of lesser toes.
External plantar.
interossei plantares
ĭn″tĕr-ŏs′ē-īplăn-tăr′ĭs
Three.
Adducts three outer toes.
Third, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones.
First phalanx of corresponding toe.
External plantar.
lumbricales pedis
lŭm-brĭ-kā′lēz pē′dĭs
Four.
Flexes the 1st and extends the 2nd and 3rd phalanges.
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
First phalanx and extensor tendon.
External and internal plantar.
quadratus plantae
kwăd-rā′tŭs plăn′tē
Assists flexion of toes.
Inferior surface of os calcis by two heads from outer and inner borders.
Tendons of flexor digitorum longus.
Branch of lateral plantar.flexor accessorius
GENERAL
arrectores pilorum
ă″rĕk-tō′rĕz pĭl-ō′rŭm
Elevates hairs of skin.
Papillary layer of skin.
Hair follicles.
Sympathetic.
MUSCLES INDICATING BODY AREAS
Muscle | Body Area |
abductor digiti minimi manus | hand |
abductor digiti minimi pedis | foot |
abductor hallucis | foot |
abductor pollicis brevis | hand |
abductor pollicis longus | hand |
adductor brevis | hip and thigh |
adductor hallucis | foot |
adductor longus | hip and thigh |
adductor magnus | hip and thigh |
adductor pollicis | hand |
anconeus | arm and forearm |
antitragicus | ear |
arrectores pilorum | general |
articularis genus | hip and thigh |
aryepiglotticus | larynx |
arytenoideus | larynx |
auricularis anterior | head and face |
auricularis posterior | head and face |
auricularis superior | head and face |
biceps brachii | arm and forearm |
biceps femoris | hip and thigh |
brachialis | arm and forearm |
brachioradialis | arm and forearm |
buccinator | head and face |
bulbospongiosus | perineum |
ciliaris | head and face |
coccygeus | perineum |
constrictor pharyngis inferior | neck |
constrictor pharyngis medius | neck |
constrictor pharyngis superior | neck |
coracobrachialis | arm and forearm |
corrugator cutis ani | perineum |
corrugator supercilii | head and face |
cremaster | abdomen |
cricoarytenoideus lateralis | larynx |
cricoarytenoideus posterior | larynx |
cricothyroideus | larynx |
deltoid | shoulder |
depressor anguli oris | head and face |
depressor labii inferioris | head and face |
depressor septi nasi | head and face |
depressor urethrae | perineum |
diaphragma | thorax |
digastricus | neck |
dilator naris anterior | head and face |
dilator naris posterior | head and face |
extensor carpi radialis brevis | arm and forearm |
extensor carpi radialis longus | arm and forearm |
extensor carpi ulnaris | arm and forearm |
extensor digiti minimi | arm and forearm |
extensor digitorum brevis | foot |
extensor digitorum communis | arm and forearm |
extensor digitorum longus | leg |
extensor hallucis longus | leg |
extensor indicis | hand |
extensor indicis proprius | arm and forearm |
extensor pollicis brevis | arm and forearm |
extensor pollicis longus | arm and forearm |
fibularis tertius | foot |
flexor accessorius | foot |
flexor carpi radialis | arm and forearm |
flexor carpi ulnaris | arm and forearm |
flexor digiti minimi brevis manus | hand |
flexor digiti minimi brevis pedis | foot |
flexor digiti quinti brevis manus | hand |
flexor digitorum brevis | foot |
flexor digitorum longus | leg |
flexor digitorum profundus | arm and forearm |
flexor digitorum sublimis | arm and forearm |
flexor digitorum superficialis | arm and forearm |
flexor hallucis brevis | foot |
flexor hallucis longus | leg |
flexor pollicis brevis | hand |
flexor pollicis longus | arm and forearm |
frontalis | face |
gastrocnemius | leg |
gemellus inferior | hip and thigh |
gemellus superior | hip and thigh |
genioglossus | neck |
geniohyoideus | neck |
glossopalatinus | neck |
gluteus maximus | hip and thigh |
gluteus medius | hip and thigh |
gluteus minimus | hip and thigh |
gracilis | hip and thigh |
helicus major and minor | ear |
hyoglossus | neck |
iliacus | hip and thigh |
iliocostalis cervicis | back |
iliocostalis lumborum | back |
iliocostalis thoracis | back |
infraspinatus | shoulder |
intercostalis externus | thorax |
intercostalis internus | thorax |
interossei dorsales manus | hand |
interossei dorsales pedis | foot |
interossei plantares | foot |
interossei volares | hand |
interspinales | back |
intertransversarii | back |
ischiocavernosus | perineum |
latissimus dorsi | back |
levator anguli oris | head and face |
levator ani | perineum |
levator labii superioris | head and face |
levator labii superioris alaeque nasi | head and face |
levator palpebrae superioris | head and face |
levator scapulae | back |
levator veli palatini | neck |
levatores costarum | thorax |
linguae | neck |
longissimus capitus | back |
longissimus cervicis | back |
longissimus thoracis | back |
longus capitis | neck |
lumbricales manus | hand |
lumbricales pedis | foot |
masseter | head and face |
mentalis | head and face |
multifidus | back |
mylohyoideus | neck |
nasalis | head and face |
obliquus auriculae | ear |
obliquus capitis inferior | back |
obliquus capitis superior | back |
obliquus externus abdominis | abdomen |
obliquus inferior oculi | head and face |
obliquus internus abdominis | abdomen |
obliquus superior oculi | head and face |
obturator internus | hip and thigh |
occipitofrontalis | head and face |
omohyoideus | neck |
opponens digiti minimi | hand |
opponens digiti quinti | hand |
opponens pollicis | hand |
orbicularis oculi | head and face |
orbicularis oris | head and face |
palmaris brevis | hand |
palmaris longus | arm and forearm |
pectineus | hip and thigh |
pectoralis major | shoulder |
pectoralis minor | shoulder |
peroneus brevis | leg |
peroneus longus | leg |
peroneus tertius | leg |
pharyngopalatinus | neck |
piriformis | hip and thigh |
plantaris | leg |
platysma | neck |
popliteus | leg |
procerus | head and face |
pronator quadratus | arm and forearm |
pronator teres | arm and forearm |
psoas major | hip and thigh |
psoas minor | hip and thigh |
pterygoideus lateralis | head and face |
pterygoideus medialis | head and face |
pyramidalis | abdomen |
quadratus femoris | hip and thigh |
quadratus lumborum | abdomen |
quadratus plantae | foot |
quadriceps femoris | hip and thigh |
rectus abdominis | abdomen |
rectus capitis anterior | neck |
rectus capitis lateralis | neck |
rectus capitis posterior major | back |
rectus capitis posterior minor | back |
rectus externus or lateralis | head and face |
rectus femoris | hip and thigh |
rectus inferior | head and face |
rectus internus or medialis | head and face |
rectus superior | head and face |
rhomboideus major | back |
rhomboideus minor | back |
risorius | head and face |
rotatores | back |
sacrospinalis | back |
salpingopharyngeus | neck |
sartorius | hip and thigh |
scalenus anterior | neck |
scalenus medius | neck |
scalenus posterior | neck |
semimembranosus | hip and thigh |
semispinalis capitis | back |
semispinalis cervicis | back |
semispinalis thoracis | back |
semitendinosus | hip and thigh |
serratus anterior | shoulder |
serratus posterior inferior | back |
serratus posterior superior | back |
soleus | leg |
sphincter ani externus | perineum |
sphincter ani internus | perineum |
sphincter urethrae membranaceae | perineum |
sphincter vesicae | perineum |
spinalis capitis | back |
spinalis cervicis | back |
spinalis thoracis | back |
splenius capitis | back |
splenius cervicis | back |
stapedius | ear |
sternocleidomastoideus | neck |
sternothyroideus | neck |
styloglossus | neck |
stylohyoideus | neck |
stylopharyngeus | neck |
subclavius | shoulder |
subcostales | thorax |
subscapularis | shoulder |
supinator | arm and forearm |
suspensorius duodeni | back |
supraspinatus | shoulder |
temporalis | head and face |
tensor fasciae latae | hip and thigh |
tensor tympani | ear |
tensor veli palatini | neck |
teres major | shoulder |
teres minor | shoulder |
thyroarytenoideus | larynx |
thyroepiglotticus | larynx |
thyrohyoideus | neck |
thyropharyngeus | pharynx |
tibialis anterior | leg |
tibialis posterior | leg |
tragicus | ear |
transversus abdominis | abdomen |
transversus auriculae | ear |
transversus perinei profundus | perineum |
transversus perinei superficialis | perineum |
transversus thoracis | thorax |
trapezius | back |
triceps brachii | arm and forearm |
uvulae | neck |
vastus intermedius | hip and thigh |
vastus lateralis | hip and thigh |
vastus medialis | hip and thigh |
vocalis | larynx |
zygomaticus major | head and face |
zygomaticus minor | head and face |
Principal Joints
A-C
Gliding | Capsular; superior and inferior acromioclavicular; articular disk; coracoclavicular (trapezoid and conoid) |
Pivot (trochoid) | Capsular; anterior and posterior atlantoaxial; transverse |
Condyloid | Capsular; anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane; lateral; tectorial membrane; alar; apical odontoid |
Gliding | Capsular; dorsal calcaneocuboid; bifurcated; long plantar; plantarcalcaneocuboid |
Gliding | Dorsal; volar; interosseous |
F-I
Hinge (ginglymus) | Capsular; patellar; oblique and arcuate popliteal; tibial and fibularcollateral; anterior and posterior cruciate; medial and lateral menisci; transverse; coronary | |||||||
Ball and socket (enarthrosis) | Capsular; iliofemoral; pubocapsular; ischiofemoral; round ligamentof femur; transverse acetabular | |||||||
Hinge (ginglymus) | Capsular; ulnar and radial collateral | |||||||
Carpal, proximal | Gliding | Dorsal; volar; interosseous | Carpal, distal | Gliding | Dorsal; volar; interosseous | Carpal bones, two rows with each other | Volar; dorsal; collateral | |
Hinge (ginglymus) | Collateral; volar in fingers and plantar in toes |
M-R
Condyloid | Capsular; temporomandibular; sphenomandibular; articular disk; stylomandibular |
Condyloid | Volar; collateral |
Condyloid | Plantar; collateral |
Symphysis | Superior and arcuate pubic; interpubic fibrocartilaginous layer |
Pivot (trochoid) | Ulnar collateral; articular disk |
Pivot (trochoid) | Annular |
Gliding | Capsular; radiate; intra-articular |
Gliding | Capsular; anterior and posterior costotransverse; neck of rib; tubercle of rib |
S
Symphysis | Anterior, posterior, and lateral sacrococcygeal; interposed fibrocartilaginous; interarticular |
Gliding (slight) | Anterior and posterior sacroiliac; interosseous |
Ball and socket (enarthrosis) | Capsular; coracohumeral; glenohumeral; transverse humeral; glenoidof humerus |
Double gliding | Capsular; anterior and posterior sternoclavicular; inter- and costoclavicular; articular disk |
Gliding | Capsular; radiate and intra-articular sternocostal; costoxiphoid |
T
Gliding | Capsular; anterior, posterior, lateral, medial, and interosseous; talocalcaneal |
Gliding | Capsular; dorsal talonavicular |
Gliding | Dorsal; plantar; interosseous |
Hinge (ginglymus) | Capsular; deltoid; anterior and posterior talofibular; calcaneofibular |
Gliding | Capsular; anterior; posterior |
Syndesmosis | Anterior and posterior tibiofibular; inferior transverse; interosseous |
V-W
Gliding | Capsular; flaval; supraspinal; nuchal; interspinal; intertransverse |
Symphysis | Anterior and posterior longitudinal; intervertebral fibrocartilaginous |
Condyloid | Volar and dorsal radiocarpal; ulnar and radial collateral |
Nerves
Abducent - Auriculotemporal
Abducent 6th cranial n. | N. abducens | Motor |
Accessory 11th cranial n. | N. accessorius | Motor |
N. alveolaris inferior | Sensory and motor | |
Nn. alveolares superiores | Sensory | |
Auditory 8th cranial n. | SEE: Vestibulocochlear||
N. auricularis magnus | Sensory | |
N. auricularis posterior | Motor | |
N. auriculotemporalis | Sensory |
Buccal - Circumflex
N. buccalis | Sensory | |
Cervical n., superficial Cutaneous cervical n.; transverse n. of neck | N. transversus colli | Sensory |
Motor and sensory | ||
Nn. ciliares longi | Sensory and motor | |
Nn. ciliares breves | Sensory and motor | |
Circumflex Axillary | N. axillaris | Motor and sensory |
Coccygeal - Cutaneous
N. coccygeus | Motor and sensory |
N. cochlearis | Sense of hearing |
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis | General sensory |
N. cutaneus antebrachii medialis | General sensory |
N. cutaneus antebrachii posterior | General sensory |
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis inferior | General sensory |
N. cutaneus brachii lateralis superior | General sensory |
N. cutaneus brachii medialis | General sensory |
N. cutaneus brachii posterior | General sensory |
N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedius | General sensory |
Cutaneous, lateral - Facial
N. cutaneus dorsalis lateralis | General sensory | |
N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis | General sensory | |
N. cutaneus femoralis lateralis | General sensory | |
N. cutaneus femoralis posterior | General sensory | |
N. cutaneus surae lateralis | General sensory | |
N. cutaneus surae medialis | General sensory | |
Motor | ||
Facial 7th cranial n. | N. facialis | Motor |
Femoral - Gluteal
Femoral Anterior crural n. | N. femoralis | Motor and sensory |
N. frontalis | Sensory | |
Genitofemoral Genitocrural n. | N. genitofemoralis | Sensory and motor |
Glossopharyngeal 9th cranial n. | N. glossopharyngeus | Motor and sensory |
N. gluteus inferior | Motor | |
N. gluteus superior | Motor |
Hypogastric - Infratrochlear
N. hypogastricus | Motor and sensory | |
Hypoglossal 12th cranial n. | N. hypoglossus | Motor |
N. iliohypogastricus | Sensory and motor | |
N. ilioinguinalis | Sensory and motor | |
N. infraorbitalis | Sensory | |
N. infratrochlearis | Sensory |
Intercostal - Lingual
Nn. intercostales | Sensory and motor | |
Nn. intercostobrachiales | Sensory | |
Interosseous, anterior Volar interosseous n. | N. interosseus anterior | Motor |
N. interosseus posterior | Motor and sensory | |
N. lacrimalis | Sensory | |
N. laryngeus inferior | Motor | |
N. laryngeus recurrens | Motor | |
N. laryngeus superior | Motor and sensory | |
N. lingualis | Sensory |
Lumbar - Maxillary
Nn. lumbales | Motor and sensory |
N. mandibularis | Motor and sensory |
N. massetericus | Motor |
N. maxillaris | Sensory |
Median - Nasopalatine
N. medianus | Motor and sensory | |
N. mentalis | Sensory | |
N. musculocutaneous | Motor and sensory | |
N. mylohyoideus | Motor | |
Nasal Nasociliary n. | N. nasociliaris | Sensory |
N. nasopalatinus | Sensory |
Obturator - Olfactory
N. obturatorius | Motor and sensory | |
N. occipitalis major | Motor and sensory | |
N. occipitalis minor | Sensory | |
N. occipitalis tertius | Sensory | |
Oculomotor 3rd cranial n. | N. oculomotorius | Motor |
Olfactory 1st cranial n. | Nn. olfactorii | Special sense of smell |
Ophthalmic - Pterygoid
N. ophthalmicus | Sensory | |
Optic 2nd cranial n. | N. opticus | Special sense of sight |
Nn. palatini | Sensory and motor | |
N. pectoralis lateralis, N. pectoralis medialis | Motor | |
N. perineales | Motor and sensory | |
N. peroneus communis | Motor and sensory | |
N. phrenicus | Motor and sensory | |
N. pterygoideus lateralis medialis | Motor | |
Pterygoid canal, n. of Vidian n. | N. canalis pterygoidei | Sensory |
Pterygopalatine - Saphenous
N. pterygopalatini | Sensory | |
N. pudendus | Sensory | |
Radial musculospiral n. | N. radialis | Motor and sensory |
Nn. sacrales | Motor and sensory | |
Saphenous - Subscapular
N. saphenus | Sensory | |
Sciatic Great sciatic n. | N. ischiadicus | Motor and sensory |
N. stapedius | Motor | |
Motor | ||
N. suboccipitalis | Motor | |
N. subscapularis | Motor |
Supraclavicular - Supratrochlear
Supraclavicular, intermediate Supraclavicular n., middle; supraclavicular n. | Nn. supraclaviculares intermedii | Sensory |
Supraclavicular, lateral Supraclavicular n., posterior; supra-acromial n. | Nn. supraclaviculares laterales | Sensory |
Supraclavicular, medial Supraclavicular n., anterior; suprasternal n. | Nn. supraclaviculares mediales | Sensory |
N. supraorbitalis | Sensory | |
N. suprascapularis | Motor | |
N. supratrochlearis | Sensory |
Sural - Typanic
N. suralis | Sensory | |
Nn. temporales profundi | Motor | |
Nn. thoracici | Motor and sensory | |
Thoracic, long Posterior thoracic n.; external respiratory n. of Bell | N. thoracicus longus | Motor |
N.thoracodorsalis | Motor | |
N. tibialis | Motor and sensory | |
Trigeminal 5th cranial n.; trifacial n. | N. trigeminus | Motor and sensory |
Trochlear 4th cranial n.; pathetic n. | N. trochlearis | Motor |
Tympanic Jacobson's n. | N. tympanicus | Sensory |
Ulnar - Zygomatic
N. ulnaris | Motor and sensory | |
Vagus 10th cranial n.; pneumogastric n. | N. vagus | Motor and sensory |
Vestibulocochlear 8th cranial n.; acoustic n.; auditory n. | N. vestibulocochlearis | Sense of hearing and equilibrium |
N. zygomaticus | Sensory |
Nerve Plexuses
aortic
ā-or′tĭk
Abdominal
Semilunar, lumbar ganglia, renal and solar plexuses.
Sides and front of aorta.
Inferior mesenteric, spermatic and hypogastric plexus. Filamentsto inferior vena cava.
Thoracic
Thoracic ganglia of sympathetic nerve, cardiac plexus.
Surrounding the thoracic aorta.
Solar plexus, aorta.
brachial
brā′kē-ăl
Anterior branches of 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th cervical, and greater partof 1st thoracic nerves.
Lower part of neck to axilla.
Sixteen branches of suprascapular, subscapular, rhomboid, median,ulnar, musculospiral, posterior thoracic, musculothoracic, circumflex, musculocutaneousnerves.
cardiac
kăr′dē-ăk
Great or Deep
Cardiac nerves of cervical ganglion of sympathetic and vagus.
In front of bifurcation of trachea.
Pulmonary, coronary and cardiac plexuses.
Superficial or Anterior
Left superior cardiac nerve, branch of vagus, and filaments of deepcardiac plexus.
Beneath arch of aorta. Front of right pulmonary artery.
Coronary and pulmonary plexuses.
carotid
kă-rŏt′ĭd
External
Pharyngeal plexus, superior cardiac nerve, and superior cervical ganglion.
Around external carotid artery.
External carotid artery and its branches.
Internal
Postganglionic sympathetic fibers.
Surrounding internal carotid artery.
Tympanic plexus, sphenopalatine ganglion, abducens and oculomotornerves, the cerebral vessels, and the ciliary ganglion.
cavernous
kăv′ĕr-nŭs
3rd to 6th cranial nerves and ophthalmic ganglion.
Cavernous sinus.
Wall of internal carotid artery.
celiac
sē′lē-ăk
Solar plexus, branches from lesser splanchnic and vagus nerves.
Behind stomach, in front of aorta at level of origin of celiac artery.
Coronary, hepatic, pyloric, gastroduodenal, gastroepiploic,and splenic plexuses. solar plexus
cervical
ser′vĭ-kăl
Anterior branches of first four cervical nerves.
Beneath sternocleidomastoid muscle opposite first four cervicalvertebrae.
Skin and muscles of neck; phrenic nerve to diaphragm.
coccygeal
kŏk-sĭj′ē-ăl
Fourth and 5th sacral and the coccygeal nerves.
Dorsal surface of coccyx and caudal end of sacrum.
Anococcygeal nerves.
cystic
sĭs′tĭk
Hepatic plexus.
At gallbladder.
Gallbladder.
esophageal
ē-sŏf″ă-jē′ăl
Vagus nerve, thoracic sympathetic ganglia.
Around the esophagus.
Esophagus.
gastric
găs′trĭk
Celiac plexus and continuations of esophageal plexuses.
Gastric artery.
Stomach.
hemorrhoidal
hĕm-ō-roy′dăl
Pelvic and inferior mesenteric plexuses.
Rectum and sides of rectum.
Rectum.
hepatic
hē-păt′īk
Celiac plexus, left vagus, right phrenic.
Accompanies hepatic artery.
Liver.
hypogastric
hī″pō-găs′trĭk
Aortic plexus and lumbar ganglia.
Promontory of sacrum.
Pelvic plexus.
lumbar
lŭm′băr
Anterior branches of first four lumbar nerves.
Psoas muscle.
Iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitocrural, external cutaneous, obturator, accessory, and anterior crural nerves.
Meissner's
mīs′nĕrz
Superior mesenteric plexus (controls secretions of the bowels).
Submucosa of alimentary tube.
Mucosal glands and smooth muscle. submucosal plexus
mesenteric
mĕs″ĕn-tĕr′ĭk
Celiac plexus and left side of aortic plexus.
Surrounding the inferior and superior mesenteric arteries.
Descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, intestines.
myenteric
mī″ĕn-tĕr′ĭk
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Between circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers of alimentary tube.
Smooth muscle of alimentary tube; controls peristalsis. Auerbach's plexus
ophthalmic
ŏf-thăl′mĭk
Internal carotid plexus.
Around ophthalmic artery and optic nerve.
Optic region.
pancreatic
păn″krē-ăt′ĭk
Splenic plexus.
Near pancreas.
Filaments to pancreas.
pancreaticoduodenal
păn″krē-ăt″ĭ-kō-dū-ō-dē′năl
Hepatic plexus.
Near head of pancreas.
Filaments to pancreas and duodenum.
pelvic
pĕl′vĭk
Hypogastric plexus, 2nd to 4th sacral nerves, 1st and 2nd sacral ganglia (pelvic brain).
Side of rectum and bladder.
Viscera of pelvis, pelvic plexus.
phrenic
frĕn′ĭk
Cervical plexus, semilunar ganglia.
Accompanies phrenic artery to diaphragm.
Diaphragm and suprarenal capsules.
prostatic
prōs-tăt′ĭk
Hypogastric plexus.
Vesical arteries.
Bladder.
pulmonary
pŭl′mō-nĕ-rē
Anterior and posterior pulmonary branches of vagus and sympathetic nerves.
Root of lungs, front and back.
Root of lungs.
pyloric
pī-lor′ĭk
Hepatic plexus.
Near pylorus.
Filaments to pylorus.
renal
rē′năl
Solar and aortic plexuses and semilunar ganglia.
Renal artery.
Kidneys, posterior vena cava, spermatic plexus.
sacral
sā′krăl
Anterior branch of 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th sacral nerves.
Front of sacrum on piriformis muscle.
Muscular, pudic, superior gluteal, great and small sciatic nerves.
solar
sō′lăr
Epigastric
Splanchnics and right vagus.
Back of stomach.
Semilunar ganglia, suprarenal, renal, spermatic, celiac, superior mesenteric, and aortic plexuses. Called abdominal brain. celiac plexus
spermatic
spĕr-măt′ĭk
Ovarian
Aortic plexus.
Accompanies spermatic vessels to testes or ovaries.
Testes or ovaries.
splenic
splĕn′ĭk
Celiac plexus, left semilunar ganglion, right vagus nerve.
Accompanies splenic artery.
Spleen, pancreatic plexus, left gastroepiploic plexus.
suprarenal
soo″pră-rē′năl
Diaphragmatic, solar, and renal plexuses.
Around suprarenal capsules.
Filaments to medulla of suprarenal capsules.
thyroid
thī′royd
Inferior
Middle cervical ganglion.
Around external carotid and inferior thyroid arteries.
Larynx, pharynx, thyroid gland.
Superior
Superior laryngeal and cardiac nerves.
Around the thyroid gland.
Thyroid region.
uterine
ū′tĕriĭn
Pelvic plexus.
Accompanies uterine arteries.
Cervix and lower part of uterus.
vaginal
văj′ĭn-ăl
Pelvic plexus.
Vaginal walls.
Vagina.
vertebral
vĕr′tĕ-brăl
First part thoracic ganglion, upper cervical nerves.
Surrounding basilar and vertebral arteries.
Vertebral and cerebellar regions.
vesical
vĕs′ĭ-kăl
Pelvic plexus.
Accompanies vesical arteries.
Vesicula seminalis, vas deferens.
Cranial Nerves
No. | Name | Nomina Anatomica Term | Origin | Distribution and Function |
1st | Olfactory | Nn. olfactorii | Olfactory mucosa to olfactory bulb | Olfactory receptors, sensory for smell |
2nd | Optic | N. opticus | Retina to optic chiasma | Rods and cones of the retina, sensory for sight |
3rd | Oculomotor | N. oculomotorius | Midbrain | Motor and muscle sense for 4 extrinsic muscles of the eyeball (superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique) and levator palpebrae superioris of the eyelid Motor to ciliary muscle that encircles lens; contracts for near vision Motor (parasympathetic) to sphincter smooth muscle fibers of the iris; constricts the pupil |
4th | Trochlear | N. trochlearis | Midbrain | Motor and muscle sense for the superior oblique, an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball |
5th | Trigeminal | N. trigeminus | Pons | Ophthalamic branch - sensory for the skin of the upper face and anterior scalp Maxillary branch - sensory for the upper teeth and lip, palate, nasal mucosa and pharyngeal mucosa Mandibular branch - sensory for lower teeth and lower face; somatic sensory for the anterior two-thirds of the tongue; motor and muscle sense for chewing muscles |
6th | Abducent | N. abducens | Pons | Motor and muscle sense for the lateral rectus, an extrinsic muscle of the eyeball |
7th | Facial | N. facialis | Pons | Sensory for taste for the anterior two-thirds of tongue Motorand muscle sense for the muscles of facial expression Motor (parasympathetic) to the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands Motor (parasympathetic) to the lacrimal glands |
8th | Auditory (Acoustic) | N. vestibulocochlearis | Cochlea to medulla; Semicircular canals and vestibule to pons and cerebellum | Cochlear branch - sensory for the hair cells of the organ of Corti, for hearing Vestibular branch - sensory for static equilibrium (hair cells of the utricle and saccule) and for equilibrium of motion (hair cells of the semicircular canals) |
9th | Glossopharyngeal | N. glossopharyngeus | Medulla oblongata | Sensory for taste and somatic senses for posterior one-third of the tongue Sensory for carotid sinus (pressoreceptors) and carotid body (chemoreceptors) as part of cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes Motor (parasympathetic) to the parotid salivary gland Motor and muscle sense for swallowing muscles |
10th | Vagus | N. vagus | Medulla oblongata | Sensory for aortic sinus (pressoreceptors) and aortic body (chemoreceptors) as part of cardiac, respiratory, and blood pressure reflexes Sensoryfor visceral sensation for thoracic and abdominal organs Inhibitory (parasympathetic) to heart Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the pharynx Motor to smooth muscle of the bronchial tree Motor to smooth muscle of the esophagus, stomach, intestines, and gallbladder Motor to gastrointestinal glands Motor to the muscles of the larynx |
11th | Accessory | N. accessorius | Medulla oblongata and cervical spinal cord | Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, and larynx Motor and muscle sense for the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles |
12th | Hypoglossal | N. hypoglossus | Medulla oblongata | Motor and muscle sense for muscles of the tongue |
Arteries
A
A. alveolaris inferior | Dental; mylohyoid; mental |
A. angularis | |
A. arcuata pedis | Deep plantar; dorsal metatarsal; dorsal digital |
A. canalis pterygoidei | |
A. labyrinthi | |
A. auricularis profunda | |
A. auricularis posterior | Stylomastoid; auricular; occipital |
A. axillaris | Superior; thoracic; thoracoacromial; lateral thoracic; subscapular; anterior and posterior humeral; thoracodorsal; brachial |
B
A. basilaris | Posterior cerebral; pontine; internal auditory; anterior inferior cerebellar; superior cerebellar |
A. brachialis | Deep brachial; nutrient; superior and inferior collateral; muscular |
A. profunda brachii | |
Truncus brachiocephalicus | Right subclavian; right common carotid |
Rr. bronchiales | Left and right bronchial |
A. buccalis |
C
A. carotis communis | External and internal carotid |
A. carotis externa | Superior thyroid; ascending pharyngeal; lingual; facial; occipital; posterior auricular; superficial temporal; maxillary |
A. carotis interna | Caroticotympanic; vidian; cavernous; hypophyseal; semilunar; anterior meningeal; ophthalmic; anterior and middle cerebral; posterior communicating; choroidal |
Truncus celiacus | Left gastric; common hepatic; splenic |
A. cerebelli inferior anterior | |
A. cerebelli inferior posterior | |
A. cerebelli superior | |
A. cerebri anterior | Cortical; central; anterior communicating |
A. cerebri posterior | Central; posterior choroidal; cortical temporal; calcarine; parieto-occipital |
A. cervicalis ascendens | |
A. transversa colli | Deep and superficial rami |
A. choroides anterior | |
Aa. ciliares anteriores | |
Aa. ciliares posteriores longae | |
Aa. ciliares posteriores breves | |
A. circumflexa humeri anterior | |
A. circumflexa ilium profunda | |
A. circumflexa humeri posterior | |
A. colica sinistra | Ascending and descending colic |
A. colica media | Right and left colic |
A. colica dextra | Ascending and descending colic |
A. collateralis ulnaris inferior | |
A. collateralis ulnaris superior | |
A. communicans posterior cerebri | |
A. coronaria sinistra | Anterior descending coronary; circumflex |
A. coronaria dextra | Posterior descending; marginal |
A. cystica |
D
Aa. digitales palmares communes | Proper palmar digital |
Aa. digitales palmares propriae | |
A. dorsalis pedis | Lateral and medial tarsal; deep plantar; arcuate; first dorsal metatarsal |
E
A. epigastrica inferior | Cremasteric |
A. epigastrica superficialis | |
A. epigastrica superior | |
A. ethmoidalis anterior | Anterior meningeal |
A. ethmoidalis posterior | Posterior meningeal |
F
A. facialis | Ascending palatine; tonsillar; submental; inferior and superiorlabial; angular; glandular; lateral nasal; muscular |
A. transversa faciei | |
A. femoralis | Superficial epigastric; superficial circumflex iliac; external pudendal; deep femoral; descending genicular |
A. profunda femoris | Perforating; medial and lateral circumflex |
A. circumflexa femoris lateralis | Ascending; descending; transverse |
A. circumflexa femoris medialis | Deep; acetabular; transverse; superficial |
A. supratrochlearis |
G
A. gastrica sinistra | Anterior and posterior gastric; cardioesophageal |
A. gastrica dextra | |
Aa. gastricae breves | |
A. gastroduodenalis | Superior pancreaticoduodenal; right gastroepiploic; retroduodenal |
A. gastro-omentalis sinistra | |
A. gastro-omentalis dextra | Ascending pyloric and ascending branches to stomach |
A. genus descendens | Saphenous; musculo-articular |
A. genus inferior lateralis | |
A. genus media | |
A. genus superior lateralis | |
A. glutea inferior | Sciatic |
A. glutea superior | Superficial and deep gluteal |
H
A. rectalis media | |
A. rectalis superior | |
A. hepatica communis | Right gastric; gastroduodenal; proper hepatic |
A. hepatica propria | Cystic |
I
A. ileocolica | Superior and inferior ileocolic; appendicular |
A. iliaca communis | External and internal iliac |
A. iliaca externa | Inferior epigastric; deep circumflex iliac |
A. iliaca interna | Superior, middle, and inferior vesical; middle hemorrhoidal; obturator; internal pudendal; inferior gluteal; uterine; vaginal; iliolumbar; lateralsacral; superior gluteal |
A. circumflexa ilium superficialis | |
A. infraorbitalis | Anterior superior alveolar; orbital |
Aa. intercostales posteriores | Anterior and posterior rami |
A. interossea anterior | Median; nutrient; muscular |
A. interossea communis | Anterior and posterior interosseous |
A. interossea posterior | Recurrent interosseous |
L
A. labialis inferior | |
A. labialis superior | |
A. lacrimalis | Lateral palpebral; zygomatic; recurrent |
A. laryngea inferior | |
A. laryngea superior | |
A. lingualis | Suprahyoid; dorsal and deep lingual; sublingual |
A. profunda linguae | |
Rr. dorsales linguae | |
Aa. lumbales | Posterior lumbar; muscular |
M
A. malleolaris anterior lateralis | |
A. malleolaris anterior medialis | |
Rr. malleolares mediales arteriae tibialis posterioris | |
A. masseterica | |
A. maxillaris | Anterior tympanic; deep auricular; middle and accessory meningeal; inferior and posterior superior alveolar; deep temporal; pterygoid; masseteric; buccal; infraorbital; greater palatine; pharyngeal; sphenopalatine |
Rr. mediastinales arteriae thoracicae internae | |
A. meningea media | Superficial; petrosal; superior tympanic; orbital; temporal; and numerous small vessels |
A. mesenterica inferior | Left colic; sigmoid; superior hemorrhoidal |
A. mesenterica superior | Inferior pancreaticoduodenal; jejunal; ileal; ileocolic; right and middle colon |
Aa. metacarpales palmares | |
A. musculophrenica |
N-O
A. dorsalis nasi | Lacrimal |
A. obturatoria | Iliac; vesical; pubic; anterior and posterior obturator |
A. occipitalis | Muscular; meningeal; sternomastoid; descending occipital; auricular |
A. ophthalmica | Lacrimal; supraorbital; posterior and anterior ethmoidal; medial palpebral; frontal; dorsal nasal; central a. of retina; short posterior, long posterior, and anterior ciliary; muscular |
A. ovarica | Ureteral |
P
A. palatina ascendens | |
A. palatina major | Greater and lesser palatine |
Aa. palpebrales mediales | Superior and inferior palpebral |
Aa. pancreaticoduodenales inferiores | |
Aa. supraduodenales superiores | |
Aa. perforantes | |
A. pericardiacophrenica | |
A. peronea (A. fibularis) | Perforating; communicating; calcaneal; tibial and fibular nutrient; lateral and medial malleolar |
A. pharyngea ascendens | Pharyngeal; palatine; posterior meningeal; prevertebral; inferior tympanic |
Aa. phrenicae inferiores | Medial, lateral, and superior adrenal |
Aa. phrenicae superiores | |
R. plantaris profunda | First plantar metatarsal |
A. plantaris lateralis | Plantar arch and plantar metatarsal |
A. plantaris medialis | Superficial digital |
A. poplitea | Anterior and posterior tibial; lateral and medial superior genicular; middle, sural, lateral, and medial inferior genicular; genicular articular |
Aa. pudendae externae | |
A. pudenda interna | Posterior scrotal or posterior labial; inferior hemorrhoidal; perineal; urethral; a. of bulb of penis or vestibule; deep a. of penis or clitoris; dorsal a. of penis or clitoris |
Truncus pulmonalis | Right and left pulmonary |
A. pulmonalis sinistra | Numerous branches |
A. pulmonalis dextra | Numerous branches |
R
A. radialis | Recurrent radial; muscular; palmar and dorsal carpal; superficial palmar; first dorsal metacarpal; principal a. of thumb; perforating; recurrent; palmar |
A. radialis indicis | |
A. rectalis inferior | |
A. rectalis media | |
A. rectalis superior | |
A. recurrens tibialis anterior | |
A. recurrens tibialis posterior | |
A. recurrens radialis | |
A. recurrens ulnaris | Anterior and posterior recurrent |
A. renalis | Inferior suprarenal |
S
Aa. sacrales laterales | |
A. sacralis mediana | Lowest lumbar |
A. circumflexa scapulae | |
A. scapularis descendens | |
Aa. sigmoideae | |
A. sphenopalatina | Posterior lateral nasal; posterior septal |
A. spinalis anterior | |
A. spinalis posterior | |
A. splenica | Pancreatic; left gastroepiploic; short gastric; splenic |
Rr. sternocleidomastoidei arteriae occipitalis | |
A. stylomastoidea | |
A. subclavia | Vertebral; internal thoracic; thyrocervical; costocervical; transversecervical |
A. subcostalis | Dorsal and spinal |
A. sublingualis | |
A. submentalis | |
A. subscapularis | Scapular circumflex and thoracodorsal |
A. supraorbitalis | |
A. suprarenalis media | |
A. suprascapularis | Acromial; suprasternal |
Aa. surales |
T
A. tarsalis lateralis | |
Aa. mediales | |
A. temporalis media | |
A. temporalis superficialis | Transverse facial; middle temporal; anterior auricular; frontal;parietal |
A. testicularis | Ureteral |
A. thoracica interna | Pericardiacophrenic; anterior mediastinal; pericardial; sternal; intercostal; perforating; musculophrenic; superior epigastric |
A. thoracica lateralis | In the female, external mammary |
A. thoracica suprema | |
A. thoracoacromialis | Pectoral; acromial; clavicular; deltoid |
A. thoracodorsalis | |
A. princeps pollicis | Radial a. of index finger |
A. thyroidea inferior | Inferior laryngeal; tracheal; muscular; esophageal; ascending cervical |
A. thyroidea superior | Hyoid; sternomastoid; superior laryngeal; cricothyroid |
A. tibialis anterior | Anterior and posterior tibial recurrent; fibular; lateral and medial anterior malleolar |
A. tibialis posterior | Peroneal; lateral and medial posterior malleolar; communicating; plantar; tibial and fibular nutrient |
A. tympanica anterior | |
A. tympanica inferior | |
A. ulnaris | Anterior and posterior recurrent; common interosseous; muscular; palmar and dorsal carpal; deep palmar; superficial palmar arch |
U - V
A. uterina | Vaginal; ovarian; tubal |
A. vaginalis | |
A. vertebralis | Spinal; muscular; anterior and posterior spinal; posterior inferior cerebellar; medullary |
A. vesicalis inferior | |
Aa. vesicales superiores | A. to the ductus deferens |
Veins
A
V. angularis |
V. mediana antebrachii |
V. auricularis posterior |
V. axillaris |
V. azygos |
B
V. basilica |
Vv. brachiales |
Vv. brachiocephalicae (dextra et sinistra) |
Vv. bronchiales |
C
Vv. cordis; Vv. cardiaca (4) |
V. cephalica |
Vv. cerebelli inferiores |
Vv. cerebelli superiores |
V. cerebri magna |
Vv. cerebri inferiores |
Vv. cerebri internae |
V. cerebri media superficialis |
Vv. cerebri superiores |
V. cervicalis profunda |
Vv. transversae cervicis |
V. cutanea |
V. cystica |
D
Vv. digitales palmares |
Vv. digitales plantares |
Vv. diploicae |
E
Vv. emissariae |
V. epigastrica inferior |
V. epigastrica superficialis |
Vv. esophageae |
F
V. facialis |
V. femoralis |
V. profunda femoris |
G
V. gastrica sinistra |
V. gastrica dextra |
Vv. gastricae breves |
V. gastro-omentalis sinistra |
V. gastro-omentalis dextra |
Vv. gluteae inferiores |
Vv. gluteae superiores |
H
V. hemiazygos |
V. hemiazygos accessoria |
Vv. hepaticae |
V. ileocolica |
I
V. iliaca communis |
V. circumflexa ilium profunda |
V. iliaca externa |
V. iliaca interna |
V. intervertebralis |
J
V. jugularis anterior |
V. jugularis externa |
V. jugularis interna |
L
V. lingualis |
Vv. lumbales |
V. lumbalis ascendens |
M
Vv. meningeae |
V. mesenterica superior |
V. mesenterica inferior |
Vv. metacarpeae dorsales |
Vv. metacarpeae palmares |
Vv. metatarsales dorsales |
Vv. metatarsales plantares |
Vv. musculophrenicae |
O
Vv. obturatoriae |
v. occipitale |
V. ophthalmica inferior |
V. ophthalmica superior |
V. ovarica dextra and V. ovarica sinistra |
P
V. palatina externa |
Vv. pancreaticae |
V. emissaria parietalis |
Vv. parumbilicales |
V. dorsalis profunda penis |
Vv. peroneae (fibulares) |
Vv. pharyngeae |
Vv. phrenicae inferiores |
V. poplitea |
V. portae hepatis |
Vv. pudendae externae |
V. pudenda interna |
Vv. pulmonales |
R
Vv. radiales |
Vv. rectales inferiores |
Vv. rectales mediae |
V. rectalis superior |
Vv. renales |
S
Vv. sacrales laterales |
V. sacralis mediana |
V. saphena magna |
V. saphena parva |
Vv. spinales anteriores and Vv. superiores |
V. splenica |
V. subclavia |
V. supraorbitalis |
V. suprarenalis sinistra |
V. suprarenalis dextra |
Vv. supratrochleares |
T
V. temporalis media |
Vv. temporales superficiales |
V. testicularis dextra and sinistra |
Vv. thoracicae internae |
V. thoracica lateralis |
Vv. thoracoepigastricae |
V. thyroidea inferior |
V. thyroidea superior |
Vv. tibiales anteriores |
Vv. tibiales posteriores |
U
Vv. ulnares |
V. umbilicalis sinistra |
Vv. uterinae |
V
V. cava inferior |
V. cava superior |
V. vertebralis |
V. vertebralis anterior |
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