Substance
Alkalis

Pathology
Irreversible destruction and liquefactive tissue necrosis that penetrates beyond surface contact with alkali.

Symptoms
Immediate burning and blistering of tissue on contact; severe pain of mouth, esophagus, and chest; esophageal or gastric perforation; pancreatitis; hematemesis; shock; death.

Emergency Measures
Establishment of airway patency, aggressive volume resuscitation, radiographic evaluation of damage, irrigation of exposed tissues. Surgical intervention may be required.

Comments
Permanent damage to the esophagus and stomach can result in chronic dysphagia, stricture formation, and necrosis of tissue.