(also refer to shock)

ineffective Airway Clearance may be related to airway spasm (bronchial), laryngeal edema possibly evidenced by diminished/adventitious breath sounds, cough ineffective or absent, difficulty vocalizing, wide-eyed.

decreased Cardiac Ouput may be related to decreased preload–increased capillary permeability (third spacing) and vasodilation, possibly evidenced by tachycardia/palpitations, changes in blood pressure (BP), anxiety, restlessness.