Taber's Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 21st Edition

Appendix 4 Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms

Appendix 4 Prefixes, Suffixes, and Combining Forms


    A
    a-, an- Without; away from; not.
    ab-, abs- From; away from; absent.
    abdomin-, abdomino- Abdomen.
    abort-, aborto- To miscarry.
    abs- SEE: ab-.
    acanth-, acantho- Thorn; spine.
    acous-, acoust-, acousto- Hearing.
    acro- Extremity; top; extreme point.
    actin-, actino- Ray; some form of radiation.
    ad- Adherence; increase; toward.
    -ad Toward; in the direction of.
    aden-, adeno- Gland.
    adip-, adipo- Fat.
    adren-, adreno- Adrenal glands.
    adrenal-, adrenalo- Adrenal glands.
    -aemia Blood.
    aer-, aero- Air or gas.
    -aesthesia, aesthesio- SEE: -esthesia.
    af- Toward.
    -agogue An agent that promotes the expulsion of a specific substance.
    -agra Sudden severe pain.
    -al Relating to (e.g., abdominal, intestinal). In chemistry, an aldehyde.
    albumin-, albumino- Albumin.
    -algesia, -algia Suffering; pain.
    algi- Pain.
    all- SEE: allo-.
    allo-, all- Other.
    amb-, ambi- Both; on both sides; around; about.
    amph-, amphi-, ampho- Both; on both sides; on all sides; double; around; about.
    an- SEE: a-.
    ana-, an- Up; against; back.
    andro- Man; male; masculine.
    angi-, angio- Blood or lymph vessels.
    aniso- Unequal; asymmetrical; dissimilar.
    ankyl-, ankylo- Crooked; bent; fusion or growing together of parts.
    ant-, anti- Against.
    ante- Before.
    antero- Anterior; front; before.
    anthropo- Human beings; human life.
    antr-, antro- Antrum.
    apo- From; derived from; separated from; opposed.
    arch-, arche-, archi- First; principal; beginning; original.
    arteri-, arterio- Artery.
    arthr-, arthro- Joint.
    -ase Enzyme.
    -asis, -esis, -iasis, -isis, -sis Condition; pathological state.
    astro- Star; star-shaped.
    atelo- Imperfect; incomplete.
    ather-, athero- Fatty plaque.
    atmo- Steam; vapor.
    atreto- Absence of an opening.
    aut-, auto- Self.
    axio- Axis; the long axis of a tooth.
    axo- Axis; axon.
    azot-, azoto- Nitrogenous compounds.

    B
    bacteri-, bacterio- Bacteria; bacterium.
    balan-, balano- Glans clitoridis; glans penis.
    bar-, baro- Weight; pressure.
    basi-, basio- Base; foundation.
    bi-, bis- Two; double; twice.
    bili- Bile.
    bio- Life.
    bis- SEE: bi-.
    blast-, -blast Germ; bud; embryonic state of development.
    blenn-, blenno- Mucus.
    blephar-, blepharo- Eyelid.
    brachio- Arm.
    brachy- Short.
    brady- Slow.
    brom-, bromo- Bromine.
    bronch-, bronchi-, broncho- Airway.
    bronchiol-, bronchiolo- Bronchiole.

    C
    cac-, caci-, caco- Bad; ill.
    calc-, calco- Calcium.
    calcan-, calcaneo- Calcaneum (heel bone).
    carcin-, carcino- Cancer.
    cardi-, cardio- Heart.
    carpo- Carpus.
    cary-, caryo- SEE: kary-.
    cat-, cata-, cath-, kat-, kata- Down; downward; destructive; against; according to.
    cath- SEE: cat-.
    cel-, celo- 1. Tumor; hernia. 2. Cavity.
    -cele Tumor; swelling; hernia.
    cent- Hundred.
    cephal-, cephalo- Head.
    cerebell-, cerebello- Cerebellum.
    cervic-, cervico- Neck; the neck of an organ.
    cheil-, cheilo- SEE: chil-.
    chem-, chemo- Chemical; drug.
    chil-, chilo- Lip; lips.
    chir-, chiro- Hand.
    chlor-, chloro- Green.
    chol-, chole- Bile; gall.
    cholangi-, cholangio- Bile vessel.
    cholecyst-, cholecysto- Gallbladder.
    choledoch-, choledocho- Bile duct.
    chondr-, chondro- Cartilage.
    chrom-, chromo- Color.
    -cide Causing death.
    cine- Movement.
    circum- Around.
    clavicul-, claviculo- Clavicle.
    -cle, -cule Little (e.g., molecule, corpuscle).
    cleid-, cleido- Clavicle.
    co-, com-, con- Together.
    colp-, colpo- SEE: kolp-.
    contra- Against; opposite.
    crani-, cranio- Skull; cranium.
    cry-, cryo- Cold.
    -cusia,-cusis Hearing.
    cyan-, cyano- Blue.
    cycl-, cyclo- Circular; cyclical; ciliary body of the eye.
    cyst-, cysto-, -cyst Cyst; urinary bladder.
    cyt-, cyto-, -cyte Cell.

    D
    dacry- Tears.
    dactyl-, dactylo- Finger; toe.
    de- From; down; not.
    dec-, deca- Ten.
    deci- One tenth.
    demi- Half.
    dent-, denti-, dento- Teeth.
    derm-, derma-, dermato-, dermo- Skin.
    deuter-, deutero-, deuto- Second; secondary.
    dextro- Right.
    di- Double; twice; two; apart from.
    dia- Through; between; asunder.
    dipla-, diplo- Double; twin.
    dips-, dipso- Thirst.
    dis- Negative; double; twice; apart; absence of.
    dors-, dorsi-, dorso- Back.
    duoden-, duodeno- Duodenum.
    -dynia Pain.
    dys- Difficult; bad; painful.

    E
    -eal Pertaining to.
    ec-, ecto- Out; on the outside.
    -ectomy Excision.
    ectro- Congenital absence of a part.
    ef-, es-, ex-, exo- Out.
    electr-, electro- Electricity.
    embol-, embolo- Plug.
    -emesis Vomiting.
    -emia Blood.
    en- In; into.
    enantio- Opposite.
    end-, endo- Within.
    ent-, ento- Within; inside.
    enter-, entero- Intestine.
    ep-, epi- Upon; over; at; in addition to; after.
    episi-, episio- Vulva.
    erythr-, erythro- Red.
    eschar-, escharo- Scab.
    -esis SEE: -asis.
    esophag-, esophago- Esophagus.
    -esthesia Sensation.
    etio- Causation.
    eu- Well; good; healthy; normal.
    eury- Broad.
    ex- Out; away from; completely.
    exo- Out; outside of; without.
    extra- Outside of; in addition; beyond.

    F
    -facient Causing; making happen.
    femor-, femoro- Thigh.
    -ferous Producing.
    ferri-, ferro- Iron.
    fibro- Fibers; fibrous tissues.
    fluo- Flow.
    fluor-, fluoro- Luminous; fluorescence.
    fore- Before; in front of.
    -form Form.
    -fuge To expel; to drive away; fleeing.

    G
    galact-, galacto- Milk.
    gam-, gamo- Marriage; sexual union.
    gaster-, gastero-, gastr-, gastro- Stomach.
    gen- Producing; forming.
    -gen, -gene, -genesis, -genetic, -genic Producing; forming.
    genito- Organs of reproduction.
    gero- Old age.
    giga- Billion.
    gingiv-, gingivo- Gums (of the mouth).
    glauc-, glauco- Gray.
    -globin Protein.
    gloss-, glosso- Tongue.
    gluc-, gluco-, glyc-, glyco- Sugar; glycerol or similar substance.
    gnath-, gnatho- Jaw; cheek.
    -gog, -gogue To make flow.
    gon-, gono- Semen; seed; genitals; offspring.
    -gram A tracing; a mark.
    -graph Instrument used to make a drawing or record.
    -graphy Writing; record.
    -gravida Pregnant.
    gyn-, gyne-, gyneco-, gyno- Woman; female.
    gyro- Circle; spiral; ring.

    H
    hem-, hema-, hemato-, hemo- Blood.
    hemi- Half.
    hepat-, hepato- Liver.
    hept-, hepta- Seven.
    heredo- Heredity.
    heter-, hetero- Other; different.
    hex-, hexa- Six.
    histo- Tissue.
    hol-, holo- Complete; entire; homogeneous.
    homeo- Likeness; resemblance; constant unchanging state.
    homo- Same; likeness.
    hydra-, hydro-, hydr- Water.
    hyo- Hyoid bone.
    hyp-, hyph-, hypo- Less than; below or under; beneath; deficient.
    hyper- Above; excessive; beyond.
    hypno- Sleep; hypnosis.
    hyster-, hystero- Uterus.

    I
    -ia Condition, esp. an abnormal state.
    -iasis SEE: asis.
    -iatric Medicine; medical profession; physicians.
    -ic Pertaining to; relating to.
    ichthyo- Fish.
    -id Secondary skin eruption distant from primary infection site.
    ideo- Mental images.
    idio- Individual; distinct.
    ileo- Ileum.
    ilio- Ilium; flank.
    im- SEE: in-. Used before b,m, or p.
    immun-, immuno- Immune; immunity.
    in- In; inside; within; intensive action; negative.
    infra- Below; under; beneath; inferior to; after.
    inter- Between; in the midst.
    intra-, intro- Within; in; into.
    ipsi- Same; self.
    irid-, irido- Iris.
    ischio- Ischium.
    -isis SEE: -asis.
    -ism Condition; theory.
    iso- Equal.
    -ite 1. Of the nature of. 2. In chemistry, a salt of an acid with the termination -ous.
    -itis Inflammation of.
    -ize To treat by special method.

    J
    jejuno- Jejunum.
    juxta- Close proximity.

    K
    kary-, karyo-, cary-, caryo- Nucleus; nut.
    kat-, kata- SEE: cat-.
    kera-, kerato- Horny substance; cornea.
    ket-, keto- Ketone bodies (acids and acetones).
    kilo- Thousand.
    kinesi-, kino-, -kinesis Movement.
    klepto- To steal.
    kolp-, kolpo-, colp-, colpo- Vagina.
    kypho- Humped.
    kysth-, kystho- Vagina.

    L
    lab-, labi- Lip.
    lact- Milk.
    laparo- Flank; abdominal wall.
    laryng-, laryngo- Larynx.
    latero- Side.
    leio- Smooth.
    lepido- Flakes; scales.
    -lepsy Seizure.
    lepto- Thin; fine; slight; delicate.
    leuk-, leuko-, leuc- White; white blood cell.
    linguo- Tongue.
    lip-, lipo- Fat.
    -lite, -lith, lith-, litho- Stone; calculus.
    -logia, -logy Science of; study of.
    lord-, lordo- Curve; swayback.
    lumbo- Loins.
    lyo- Loosen; dissolve.
    -lysis 1. Loosen; dissolve. 2. In medicine, reduction of; relief from.

    M
    macr-, macro- Large; long.
    mal- Ill; bad; poor.
    mamm-, mammo- Breast.
    -mania Frenzy; madness.
    mast-, masto- Breast.
    meat-, meato- Opening; meatus.
    med-, medi-, medio- Middle.
    medull-, medullo- Soft inner part; medulla.
    mega-, megal-, megalo- Large; of great size.
    -megalia, -megaly Enlargement of a body part.
    meio-, mio- Less; smaller.
    melan-, melano- Black.
    mening-, meningo- Meninges.
    menta-, mento- Mind.
    mes-, meso- 1. Middle. 2. In anatomy, the mesentery. 3. In medicine, secondary; partial.
    mesio- Toward the middle.
    meta- 1. Change; transformation; next in a series. 2. In chemistry, the 1,3 position of benzene derivatives.
    metacarp-, metacarpo- Metacarpus (bones of the hand).
    -meter Measure.
    metr-, metra-, metro- Uterus.
    micr-, micro- Small.
    mio- SEE: meio-.
    mon-, mono- Single; one.
    muc-, muci-, muco-, myxa-, myxo- Mucus.
    multi- Many; much.
    musculo-, my-, myo- Muscle.
    my-, myo- SEE: musculo-.
    myc-, myco- Fungus.
    myel-, myelo- Spinal cord; bone marrow.
    myring-, myringo- Tympanic membrane, eardrum.
    myx-, myxo- SEE: muc-.

    N
    nano- 1. One billionth. 2. Dwarfism (nanism).
    narco- Numbness; stupor.
    naso- Nose.
    necr-, necro- Death; necrosis.
    neo- New; recent.
    nephr-, nephra-, nephro- Kidney.
    neur-, neuri-, neuro- Nerve; nervous system.
    nitr-, nitro- Nitrogen.
    non- No.
    normo- Normal; usual.
    noso- Disease.
    noto- The back.
    nucleo- Nucleus.
    nyct-, nycto- Night; darkness.

    O
    ob- Against.
    occipit-, occipito- Occiput.
    octa-, octo- Eight.
    oculo- Eye.
    -ode, -oid Form; shape; resemblance.
    odont-, odonto- Tooth; teeth.
    -odynia, odyno- Pain.
    -oid SEE: -ode.
    oleo- Oil.
    olig-, oligo- Few; small.
    -ology Science of; study of.
    -oma Tumor.
    omo- Shoulder.
    omphal-, omphalo- Navel.
    onco- Tumor; swelling; mass.
    onych-, onycho- Fingernails; toenails.
    oo-, ovi-, ovo- Egg; ovum.
    oophor-, oophoro-, oophoron- Ovary.
    ophthalm-, ophthalmo- Eye.
    -opia Vision.
    opisth-, opistho- Backward.
    -opsy View of.
    optico-, opto- Eye; vision.
    orchi-, orchid-, orchido- Testicle.
    -orexia Appetite.
    oro- Mouth.
    orth-, ortho- Straight; correct; normal; in proper order.
    os- Mouth; bone.
    oscheo- Scrotum.
    -ose 1. Carbohydrate. 2. Primary alteration of a protein.
    -osis Condition; status, process; abnormal increase.
    osmo- 1. Odor; smell. 2. Impulse. 3. Osmosis.
    oste-, osteo- Bone.
    -ostomosis, -ostomy, -stomosis, -stomy A created mouth or outlet.
    ot-, oto- Ear.
    -otomy Cutting.
    -ous 1. Possessing; full of. 2. Pertaining to.
    ovi-, ovo- SEE: oo-.
    ox- Oxygen.
    oxy- 1. Sharp; keen; acute; acid; pungent. 2. Oxygen in a compound. 3. Hydroxyl group.

    P
    pach-, pachy- Thick.
    -pagus Twins joined at a specific site (e.g., craniopagus).
    pali-, palin- Recurrence; repetition.
    pan- All; entire.
    pant-, panto- All or the whole of something.
    papulo- Pimple; papule.
    para-, -para 1. Prefix: near; alongside of; departure from normal. 2. Suffix: Bearing offspring.
    patell-, patello- Patella; kneecap.
    path-, patho-, -path, -pathic, -pathy Disease; suffering.
    ped-, pedi-, pedo- Foot.
    pedia- Child.
    pedicul-, pediculo- Louse.
    -penia Decrease from normal; deficiency.
    pent-, penta- Five.
    -pepsia Digestion.
    per- Throughout; through; utterly; intense.
    peri- Around; about.
    perineo- Perineum.
    peritoneo- Peritoneum.
    pero- Deformed.
    petro- Stone; the petrous portion of the temporal bone.
    -pexy Fixation, usually surgical.
    phaco- Lens of the eye.
    phag-, phago- Eating; ingestion; devouring.
    phalang-, phalango- Phalanges (bones of fingers and toes).
    phall- Penis.
    pharmaco- Drug; medicine.
    pharyng-, pharyngo- Pharynx.
    -phasia Speech.
    -phil, -philia, -philic Love for; tendency toward; craving for.
    phlebo- Vein.
    -phobia Abnormal fear or aversion.
    phono- Sound; voice.
    -phoresis Transmission.
    -phoria In ophthalmology, a turning with reference to the visual axis.
    photo- Light.
    phren-, phreno-, -phrenia Mind; diaphragm.
    -phylaxis Protection.
    physico- Physical; natural.
    physio- Rel. to nature.
    physo- Air; gas.
    phyt-, phyto- Plant; something that grows.
    pico- One trillionth.
    picr-, picro- Bitter.
    -piesis Pressure.
    pimel-, pimelo- Fat.
    plagio- Slanting; oblique.
    -plakia Plaque.
    -plasia Growth; cellular proliferation.
    plasm-, -plasm 1. Prefix: Living substance or tissue. 2. Suffix: To mold.
    -plastic Molded; indicates restoration of lost or badly formed features.
    platy- Broad.
    -plegia Paralysis; stroke.
    pleur-, pleuro- Pleura; side; rib.
    -ploid Chromosome pairs of a specific number.
    plur-, pluri- Several; more.
    pneo- Breath; breathing.
    pneum-, pneuma-, pneumato- Air; gas; respiration.
    pneumo-, pneumono- Air; lung.
    pod-, podo- Foot.
    -poiesis, -poietic Production; formation.
    poikil-, poikilo- Varied, irregular.
    polio- Gray matter of the nervous system.
    poly- Much; many.
    post- After.
    postero- Posterior; behind; toward the back.
    -praxis 1. Act; activity. 2. Practice; use.
    pre- Before; in front of.
    presby- Old age.
    pro- Before; in behalf of.
    proct-, procto- Anus; rectum.
    proso- Forward, anterior.
    prostat-, prostato- Prostate gland.
    proto- 1. First. 2. In chemistry, the lowest of a series of compounds with the same elements.
    pseud-, pseudo- False.
    psych-, psycho- Mind; mental processes.
    psychro- Cold.
    -ptosis Prolapse, downward displacement.
    pubio-, pubo- Pubic bone or region.
    pulmo- Lung.
    py-, pyo- Pus.
    pycn-, pycno-, pykn-, pykno- Dense; thick; compact; frequent.
    pyelo- Pelvis.
    pyg-, pygo- Buttocks.
    pykn-, pykno- SEE: pycn-.
    pyle- Orifice, esp. of the portal vein.
    pyloro- Gatekeeper; applied to the pylorus.
    pyreto- Fever.
    pyro- Heat; fire.

    Q-S
    quadr-, quadri- Four.
    quinqu- Five.
    rachi-, rachio- Spine.
    radio- 1. Radiant energy; a radioactive substance. 2. In chemistry, a radioactive isotope.
    re- Back; again.
    recto- Straight; rectum.
    ren-, reno- Kidney.
    reticulo- Reticulum.
    retro- Backward; back; behind.
    rhabdo- Rod.
    rheo-, -(r)rhea Current; stream; to flow; to discharge.
    rhino- Nose.
    rhizo- Root.
    rhodo- Red.
    roseo- Rose-colored.
    -(r)rhage, -(r)rhagia Rupture; profuse fluid discharge.
    -(r)rhaphy A suturing or stitching.
    -(r)rhexis Rupture of a specific body part.
    sacchar-, saccharo- Sugar.
    sacro- Sacrum.
    salping-, salpingo- Auditory tube; fallopian tube.
    sapro- Putrid; rotten.
    sarco- Flesh.
    scapho- Boat-shaped; scaphoid.
    scapulo- Shoulder.
    scato- Dung; fecal matter.
    schisto- Split; cleft.
    schizo- Division.
    scirrho- Hard; hard tumor or scirrhus.
    sclero- Hard; relating to the sclera.
    -sclerosis Dryness; hardness.
    -scope Instrument for viewing or examining (includes other methods of examination).
    -scopy Examination.
    scoto- Darkness.
    sebo- Fatty substance.
    semi- Half.
    septi- Seven.
    sero- Serum.
    sesqui- One and one half.
    sial-, sialo- Saliva.
    sidero- Iron; steel.
    -sis SEE: -asis.
    sitio-, sito- Bread; made from grain; food.
    skeleto- Skeleton.
    skia- Shadow.
    sodio- Sodium.
    somat-, somato- Body.
    spectro- Appearance; image; form; spectrum.
    sperma-, spermat-, spermato- Sperm; spermatozoa.
    spheno- Wedge; sphenoid bone.
    sphygmo- Pulse.
    spir-, spiro- Breathe.
    spleno- Spleen.
    spondyl-, spondylo- Vertebra.
    spongio- Spongelike.
    staphylo- Uvula; bunch of grapes; Staphylococcus.
    steato- Fat.
    steno- Narrow; short.
    sterco- Feces.
    stere-, stereo- Three dimensions.
    sterno- Sternum.
    stetho- Chest.
    stomato- Mouth.
    -stomosis, -stomy SEE: -ostomosis.
    strepto- Twisted.
    sub- Under; beneath; in small quantity; less than normal.
    super- Above; beyond; superior.
    supra- Above; beyond; on top.
    sym- With; together with; along; beside.
    syn- Joined; together.

    T
    tachy- Swift; rapid.
    taen-, taeni-, ten-, teni- Tapeworm.
    tarso- Flat of the foot; edge of the eyelid.
    tauto- Same.
    techno- Art; skill.
    tel-, tele- 1. End. 2. Distant.
    teleo- Perfect; complete.
    temporo- Temples of the head.
    ten-, teni- SEE: taen-.
    tendo-, teno- Tendon.
    ter- Three.
    tera- One trillionth.
    terato- Severely malformed fetus.
    tetra- Four.
    thalamo- Chamber; part of the brain where a nerve originates; thalamus.
    thanato- Death.
    theco- Sheath; case; receptacle.
    thermo- Hot; heat.
    thio- Sulfur.
    thorac-, thoraci-, thoraco- Chest; chest wall.
    thrombo- Blood clot; thrombus.
    thy-, thyro- Thyroid gland; oblong; shield.
    thymo- 1. Thymus. 2. Soul; emotions.
    thyroid-, thyroido- Thyroid gland.
    toco- Childbirth.
    -tome Cutting instrument.
    tomo- Section; layer.
    -tomy Cutting operation; excision.
    ton-, tono- Tension.
    top-, topo- Place; locale.
    tox-, toxi-, toxico-, toxo-, -toxic Toxin; poison; toxic.
    trachelo- Neck.
    tracheo- Trachea; windpipe.
    trans- Across; over; beyond; through.
    traumato- Trauma.
    tri- Three.
    trich-, trichi-, tricho- Hair.
    troph-, tropho-, -trophic Nourishment.
    -tropin Stimulation of a target organ by a substance, esp. a hormone.
    tubo- Tube.
    tympan-, tympano- Eardrum; tympanum.
    typhlo- 1. Cecum. 2. Blindness.
    typho- Fever; typhoid.

    U-Z
    ulo- Scar; scarring.
    ultra- Beyond; excess.
    uni- One.
    uretero- Ureter.
    urethro- Urethra.
    -uria Urine.
    urin-, urino, uro- Urine.
    uter-, utero- Uterus.
    vagin-, vagino- Vagina.
    varic-, varico- Dilated vein.
    vaso- Vessel (e.g., blood vessel).
    veno- Vein.
    ventro-, ventr-, ventri- Abdomen; anterior surface of the body.
    vertebro- Vertebra; vertebrae.
    vesico- Bladder; vesicle.
    viscero- Viscera.
    vitr-, vitro-, vitre-, vitreo- Vitreous body (eye); glassy.
    vulvo- Covering; vulva.
    xanth- Yellow.
    xeno- Strange; foreign.
    xero- Dry.
    xiph-, xiphi-, xipho- Xiphoid cartilage.
    zoo- Animal; animal life.

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